BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR 
REFERENCE   BOOK   OF 

TABLES  AND  FORMULAS 

FOR 

Electric  Street  Railway  Engineers 

Flexible  Morocco.     Price,  $1.00 

THE  W.  J.  JOHNSTON  COMPANY 

253  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING 
SPECIFICATIONS 


FOR  THE  USE  OF 


ENGINEERS  AND  ARCHITECTS 


BY 

E.  A.  MERRILL,  A.  M., 

Author  of  "Reference  Book  of  Tables  and  Formulas  for 
Electric  Street  Railway  Engineers  " 


Second  Edition.    Entirely  Rewritten 


NEW  YORK 
THE  W.  J.  JOHNSTON  COMPANY 

253  BROADWAY 
1896 


8\ 


COPYRIGHT,  1893  AND  1896, 
BY  THE  W.  J.  JOHNSTON  COMPANY. 


*  * 


UNIVERSITY 

S*J>/r  *=== 

CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Introduction           ...                           .19 
Working  Outline 23 

SPECIFICATIONS. 

Warning        ...  .30 

PREAMBLE. 

Bids .31 

Bond 32 

Contractor 32 

Commencement  and  Completion  of  Work     .       32 
Damages        ...  .  .34 

GENERAL   SPECIFICATION. 

Duties  of  Contractors  .         .  .34 

Work,  Labor,  and  Materials  ...       36 

Additional,  Omitted,  or  Changed  Work       .       36 
Replacement  of  Defective  Material       .         .       37 


V  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Patented  Apparatus 37 

Special  Devices 37 

Safeguards  and  Debris  .         .         .         .37 

Plans 38 

Tests 38 

Inspection 40 

Insurance  Rules     .         .         .         .         .         .41 

Acceptance .41 

Terms  of  Payment 42 

INSTALLATION  OP  DYNAMOS  AND  SWITCH- 
BOARDS. LOW  POTENTIAL,  DIRECT  CUR- 
RENT SYSTEM,  TWO-WIRE  OR  THREE-WIRE. 

Dynamos        ...         .  .  „  .       43 

Foundations           .        .         .  .  .  .46 

Instruments             .         ,         .  .  .  .       48 

Cables  to  Switchboard        ...  .  .       50 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction  .  .  .       51 

Renewal  Parts       ...  .  .  .51 

Summary        .         .         <         .  .  .  .       52 

Switchboard            .  ,      .         .  .-.•••  -       53 

Switchboard  Apparatus          .  .  .  .54 

Connections  (concealed)         .  .  .  55 


CONTENTS.  Vll 

.      *  PAGE 

Connections  (surface) 56 

Circuits 57 

INCANDESCENT  SERIES  SYSTEM,  DYNAMOS 
MEDIUM  OB  HIGH  POTENTIAL,  (VARIABLE 
OR  CONSTANT),  CURRENT  DIRECT  OR 
ALTERNATING. 

Dynamos        .......  58 

Foundations 61 

Instruments            ......  62 

Cables  to  Switchboard            ....  63 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction       ...  64 

Renewal  Parts 64 

Summary 64 

Switchboard 65 

Switchboard  Apparatus  and  Connections       .  65 

Circuits 66 

CONSTANT   POTENTIAL,    ALTERNATING 
CURRENT   SYSTEM. 

Dynamos       .......  67 

Foundations 69 

Instruments 69 

Converters  71 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Cables  to  Switchboard  .         .         .         .71 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction       .         .         .71 

Renewal  Parts 71 

Summary 72 

Switchboard 72 

Switchboard  Apparatus  and  Connections       .       72 
Circuits  73 


ALTERNATING  CURRENT  OR  DIRECT  CURRENT 
SYSTEM  WITH  THE  PARALLEL  SYSTEM  OF 
DISTRIBUTION. 

Dynamos       .                 ,         .         .         .  .  74 

Foundations  .         .         .         .  .76 

Instruments            .         .         .         .         •  ,•  78 

Converters     .         .         .         .         ,         .  .  79 

Cables  to  Switchboard           ...  *  79 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction       *        .  .  81 

Renewal  Parts      ..         .         .        .         .  .81 

Summary        .      \         .         ...         .    :  .  81 

Switchboard                 , .  .   ..,'•.      .         .  .  82 

Switchboard  Apparatus  and  Connections  .  82 

Circuits  84 


CONTENTS.  ix 

-      *  PAGE 

SERIES  ARC  SYSTEM,  DIRECT   OR 
ALTERNATING  CURRENT. 

Dynamos .85 

Foundations 87 

Instruments  .         .         .         .         .         .       87 

Cables  to  Switchboard  .         .         :         .87 

Arc  Lamps     .......       87 

Hanger  Boards      ......       88 

Hoods    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .88 

Globes 89 

Spark  Arresters  and  Nets       .         .         .         .89 

Carbons 89 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction       ...       89 
Renewal  Parts       ......       89 

Summary        .......       89 

Switchboard  Complete  ....       90 

v 

FIXTURES,   ETC. 

Fixtures  and  Shades 91 

Lamps 91 

Sockets  and  Receptacles        .         .         .         .92 
Meters  .....  92 


X  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

INTERIOR  WIRING.       ALTERNATING  OR   DIRECT 
CURRENT,  TWO-WIRE  SYSTEM. 

Outlets  and  Lights         .....       94 

System 94 

Variation  in  Pressure     .         .         ,         .         .       94 
Insulation       .         .         .         .  .         .95 

Insulation  Resistance 95 

j  Risers     ) 
Subdivision   of  |  Feederg  j- 

(  Risers     ) 

Location   of    1  ^     ,       f  .         .         .96 

(  Feeders  ) 

Mains  (If  taps  terminate  in  secondary  distri- 
bution boxes)  .         .        .      -  .        .       96 
Taps      .         .         .        ...      ..         .       96 

Joints     .         .  "      .         .        .         .      \        .       97 

Cut-out  and  Switch  Cabinets         .        .        .      98 
Cut-outs         .         .         .         .         ...       99 

Fuses     .         .         .         .        .         .         .        .       99 

Switches         .         .         .         .         .         .         .       99 

Fixture  Supports   .         .         .         .         .         .100 

Meter  Outlets         .         .        *        .         .         .     100 
Elevator  Lights     .      -  .        .         .         .         .     101 

Molding         .        .       V       .        .        .        -101 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


Additions  and  Deductions     .         .         .         .101 

Instruction     ....                  .         .  102 

Hanging  of  Fixtures 102 

Wiring  and  Attaching  Sockets  to  Fixtures 

already  in  Place 103 

Suspension  of  Sockets  and  Lamps                   .  103 

THREE-WIRE    SYSTEM. 

System .105 

THREE-WIRE    SYSTEM    ADAPTED    TO    TWO- 
WIRE    SYSTEM. 

System 106 

ARC   SYSTEM. 

Circuits 108 

Insulation  of  Wire 108 

Insulation  Resistance 108 

Joints 108 

Method  of  Wiring          .....  108 

Suspension  of  Lamps      .....  109 


Xll  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CONDUIT   SYSTEM.      TWO-WIRE. 

Method  of  Wiring 110 

Appliances 110 

Placing  of  Conduits  .         .         .         .         .110 

Sealing  Openings 110 

Outlets  and  Lights  .         .         .         .         .111 

System           .         .  .         .         .         .         .111 

Variation  in  Pressure Ill 

Insulation       .         .  .         .                  .         .111 

Insulation  Resistance  .        .         .         .         .     Ill 

j  Risers    ) 
Subdivision  of    -jFeedersf  .     HI 

j  Risers    ) 
Location  of    j  Feedel.  J    ..        •_     | 

Mains  (If  taps  terminate  in  secondary  junc- 
tion boxes)     .        .        .        .        .        .112 

Taps      .        .        .        .        .      '•«"'•        •     113 

Junction  Boxes      .        f.        .        .    -     .  '      .113 
Cut-outs         .  <      .        .        .        .        .        .     114 

Fuses      .         .         .         .       V»         •         •         .114 

Switches 114 

Fixture  Supports  .         .         .         .         .114 

Sizes  of  Tubes  114 


CONTENTS.  Xlll 

PAGE 

.      4 

Fastenings 114 

Joints     ........     114 

Elbow  Limitation 115 

Outlets 115 

Floor  Work  with  Brass  or  Uuarmored  Con- 
duits         115 

Separation  of  Wires 115 

Meter  Outlets 116 

Elevator  Lights 116 

Additions  and  Deductions     .         .         .         .116 

Instruction 116 

Hanging  of  Fixtures      .         .         .         .         .116 
Wiring  and  Attaching  Sockets  to  Fixtures 

already  in  Place 116 

Suspension  of  Sockets  and  Lamps          .         .116 

Three-wire  System 116 

Three-wire  System  Adapted  to  the  Two-wire 

System 116 

INTERIOR    WIRING   FOR   CENTRAL   STATION 
PLANTS. 

Number  of  Lights 117 

Fixtures  117 


XIV  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Lamps    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .117 

Sockets  .         .         .         .         .         .         .117 

System 117 

Variation  in  Pressure 117 

Insulation       .         .         .         .         .         .         .118 

Character  of  the  Work  .         .         .         .118 

Circuits -       .         .118 

Cut-outs  and  Switches  .         .         .         .118 

Meters  ...         .         .         .         .         .118 

Suspension  of  Lamps 119 

Molding 119 

Additions  and  Deductions     .         .         .         .119 

Instruction     .         .         .         .         .         .         .119 

Hanging  of  Fixtures      .         .         ...         .119 

Wiring  and  Attaching  Sockets  to  Fixtures 

already  in  Place      .        .        .        .        .119 

POLE   LINES.      LOW  POTENTIAL — DIRECT    CUR- 
BENT   SYSTEM — TWO-    OR   THREE-WIRE. 

Franchises  and  Permits         f        .        .        .120 

Division  of  Circuits 121 

Points  of  Control 121 

Poles  121 


CONTENTS.  XV 

PAGE 

Setting  and  Guying 121 

Distances 122 

Painting 122 

Gains  and  Cross-arms 122 

Pins  and  Insulators        ...  .123 

Steps 123 

Soil 123 

Wiring  .         .         .         .         .         .         .123 

Joints 124 

Lightning  Arresters 125 

Maximum  Fall  of  Potential  .         .         .125 

ALTERNATING   CURRENT   SYSTEM. 

Note 125 

STREET     LIGHTING     CIRCUITS — ARC     OR 
INCANDESCENT. 

Note      .  - 126 

Poles 126 

Gains  and  Cross-arms 126 

Steps 126 

Suspension  of  Lamps 126 


XVI  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


Fixtures  (Incandescent)         .         .         .         .127 

Fixtures  (Arc) 128 

Wiring 129 

Point  of  Control    .         .         .         .         .         .129 

Additions  and  Deductions     .         .         .         .     130 

Instructions    .         ...         .  .         .130 

Schedules  130 


STORAGE    BATTERY. 

Type      .         .  .         .         .  ,  .  .137 

Capacity         .  .        .  .  .  .137 

Number  of  Cells  and  Voltage  .  .  .     137 

Erection         . 137 

Connections  .         .         .  1  .  .     137 

Guarantees    .  .                 .  .  .  .137 

Summary       .  .         .        .  .  .  .     138 

STEAM    PLANT. 

Note      .        .        .       '  .< ,       .         .         .         .139 

Engines          .  139 

Fittings         *        ,        ,        ,        ,        f        .140 


CONTENTS.  XV11 

•      *  PAGE 

Painting 141 

Foundations 142 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction      .         .         .     143 

Belts 143 

Renewal  Parts 144 

Summary        .         .         .         .         .         .         .144 

Counter-shafting 145 

Pulleys 145 

Foundations 146 

Boilers  .......     146 

Fittings 147 

Setting 147 

Stack 148 

Smoke  Connections        .         .         .         .         .148 

Piping  148 

Condensers     .......     150 

Feed  Pumps  and  Injectors     .         .        .         .151 

Feed- water  Heaters  and  Purifiers          .         .151 

Separators 151 

Gauge  Board 151 

Painting         .......     152 

Renewal  Parts 152 

Summary 153 


XV111  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

RULES  AND  REQUIREMENTS  OF  THE 
NATIONAL  BOARD  OF  FIRE  UNDER- 
WRITERS   154 

ARCHITECT'S  AND  BUILDER'S  UNIFORM  CON- 
TRACT ,  204 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  following  "Specifications"  are  in- 
tended as  outlines  to  aid  in1  the  construc- 
tion of  specifications  for  individual  instal- 
lations. They  do  not  in  any  way  take  the 
place  of  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted 
by  insurance  companies  and  electric  light 
associations,  but  on  the  contrary  are  so 
drawn  as  to  depend  largely  on  such  rules 
for  the  details  of  construction  work;  such 
rules  should  therefore  invariably  be  in- 
corporated as  provided  for  in  the  General 
Specification  under  "  Inspection,  "  Sec. 
17,  p.  40,  and  under  "Insurance  Rules,  " 
Sec.  18,  p.  41. 

For  ready  reference  there  is  added  to 
these  specifications  the  latest  Rules  and 
Requirements  of  the  National  Board  of 
Fire  Underwriters  governing  electrical 
installations.  We  have  also  added  the 
form  of  Uniform  Contract  adopted  by  the 
National  Association  of  Builders  and  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects. 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

It  is  not  expected  that  these  specifica- 
tions will  be  followed  in  detail  or  without 
elaboration  for  all  classes  of  work,  and  if 
so  followed  will  lead  into  serious  error,  but 
they  are  presented  with  the  hope  that  in 
their  proper  use  constructing  engineers, 
architects  and  others  called  upon  to  get 
out  specifications  may  be  relieved  of  some 
of  the  petty  detail  accompanying  such 
work,  which,  though  important,  is  too 
often  neglected  on  account  of  its  tedi- 
ousness  and  the  time  it  consumes. 

Though  it  is  expected  that  these  speci- 
fications will  be  found  sufficiently  full  and 
explicit  for  some  of  the  pmaller  installa- 
tions, not  requiring  special  appliances  or 
precautions,  in  the  majority  of  instances 
a  careful  study  must  be  made,  for  reasons 
which  will  suggest  themselves,  of  the  sur- 
rounding conditions  and  limitations  and 
the  specifications  modified  in  accordance 
therewith. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  throughout 
the  specifications  to  lay  down  ironclad 
rules  or  to  volunteer  technical  informa- 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

tion.  It  is  fairly  assumed  that  no  one 
will  attempt  to  make  out  a  definite  and 
detailed  specification  who  is  not  himself 
competent  to  determine  for  any  installa- 
tion under  consideration  the  best  meth- 
ods and  system  to  be  adopted  and  the 
kind  and  quality  of  materials  and  work- 
manship required  by  its  purposes  or  by 
local  conditions. 


ELECTRIC   LIGHTING 
SPECIFICATIONS 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING 
SPECIFICATIONS. 


The  outline  given  below  is  one  that  the  lt  working 
author    has  often   found  convenient  for      outline- 
use    in  checking  a   specification,  or  for 
reference  in    outlining  the    points  to  be 
taken  up  in  detail  in  making  up  a  speci- 
fication. 

In  those  cases  where  a  formal  specifi- 
cation is  not  required,  as  sometimes  oc- 
curs in  the  case  of  a  preliminary  specifi- 
cation or  a  specification  for  a  small  iso- 
lated plant  or  wiring  job,  the  necessary 
data  for  estimates  and  bids  can  often  be 
easily  and  rapidly  dictated,  item  by  item, 
as  suggested  by  these  headings,  with 
little  liability  of  making  any  important 
omissions. 


24 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


Plant   to 
c  o  m- 
prise  ? 


f  Dynamos  and  erection. 
Storage  batteries  and  erection. 
Switchboard. 

w,  j          j  Interior. 
Wiring     ^  Exterior> 

Fixtures. 
Pole  line. 

Engines  and  erection. 
Boilers  and  erection. 
Piping  and  erection. 


System  ? 


Dynamos  ? 


Incandescent. 


Arc. 


Direct  current. 
Alternating  current. 
Constant  current. 
Constant  potential. 
High  potential. 
Low  potential. 
Series. 
Two  wire. 
Three  wire. 
Combination. 
Direct  current. 
Alternating  current. 


I  Combination  of  arc  and  incandescent. 

Number. 

Capacity  in  volts  and  amperes. 

Series. 

Shunt. 

Compound. 

Self-excited. 

Separately  excited. 

Hand  regulated. 

Automatically  regulated. 

Direct-connected  or  belted. 

Foundation. 

Pressure  (  Hand. 
Regu-j 
lators.    (  Automatic. 

Amperemeters. 

Voltmeters. 
Regulating         J  Galvanometers, 
instruments.    |  Indicators. 

Shunts. 

Equalizers. 

Compensators. 

Impedance  coils. 
Renewal  parts.    [Synchronizers, 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


25 


Storage  Batteries  ? 


Type. 

Maximum  voltage. 

Maximum  amperes. 

Total  ampere-hours. 

Kind  of  cells. 

Erecting. 

Connections. 

Guarantees. 


Wires  to 
switch- 
boards V 


Insulation. 
Wires  to  be  run, 
Capacity. 


On  insulators. 

Undei  cleats. 
,  In  molding. 
1  In  conduit. 


Switch- 
boards? 


Number. 

Material. 

Size. 

Design. 

To  be  wired  how. 

See  dynamo  regulating    instruments. 

Lightning  arresters. 

Ground  detectors. 

Testing  sets. 

Snap. 
Knife. 
Automatic. 
Breakdown. 

Instru-  Single  pole.     Throwover. 

ments.        Switches.    \  Double  "      -{Dynamo 
Three  wire.  changing. 

Circuit  chang- 
ing. 

Short  circuit- 
ing. 
.  Reversing,  etc, 

(Single  pole.   (  Fusible. 
Double    "     \  Automatic. 
Three  wire.  (  Magnetic. 


26 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Interior 
wiring  ? 


Number  of  circuits. 


Number  of  outlets. 


Lamp. 

Switch. 

Meter. 

Motor. 

Incandescent. 

Arc. 


Incandescent. 
Arc. 


Number  of  lights. 

Insulation. 
Insulation  resistance. 

f  Under  cleats. 

Method  of  wiring.      ^-Sr 

[  In  conduits. 
Variation  in  pressure. 
Cut-outs. 
Switches. 
Cabinets,  junction  boxes,  etc. 

(  Number. 
Meters.          -]  Kind. 

(  Capacity. 
Converters.  |  Dumber. 


Number. 

Key. 

Keyless  . 

Sockets  and 
receptacles  ? 

Base. 

j  Porcelain. 
1  Wood,  etc. 
(  Plain. 

Finish. 

•j  Polished 

(  Plated,  etc. 

Waterproof. 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


27 


Lamps  ? 


Incandescent. 


Arc. 


Number. 

Voltage  or  amperage. 

Candle-power. 

(Plain. 
Kind.  -/Frosted. 

(Colored,  etc. 

Number. 

Direct  current. 

Alternating  current. 

Series  working. 

Parallel 

Candle-power. 

Single  carbon. 

Double       " 

Triple 

Plain  or  ornamental. 


Fixtures? 


Incandescent. 


Arc. 


Interior. 


Exterior. 


Hoods. 


(  Number. 
\  Kind. 
(  Finish. 

Hoods. 

Reflectors. 

Brackets. 

Cross-  suspension 
fixtures. 

Waterproof  globes, 


Plain. 

Opal. 
Globes.       \  Ground. 

Half-ground. 
^Colored,  etc. 
.Spark  arresters. 
Nets. 

Hanger  boards. 
Circuit  cut-outs. 
Outriggers. 
Pole  tops. 
Mast  arms. 
Posts. 
[  Lowering  devices. 


28 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


Pole  line  ?   - 


Number  of  circuits. 

Number  of  street  lamps. 

Insulation. 

Poles. 

Cross  arms. 

Pins  and  insulators. 

Steps. 

Line  lightning  arresters. 

Fall  of  potential. 


f  Number. 


Engines  ? 


Kind. 


Horizontal. 
Vertical. 
-j  High  speed. 


Medium  speed. 
[  Low  speed. 
Direct  connected. 
Belted. 
Horse-power. 

Single  cylinder  or  compound. 
Condensing  or  non-condensing. 
Initial  pressure. 
Back  pressure. 
Speed. 
Fittings. 
Foundations. 
Belts. 
Renewal  parts. 

f  Shafting. 

j  Pulleys  and  idlers. 
av^f"    ,  -1  Clutches  and  couplings, 
shafting  ?     stands  Or  hangers. 

i  Foundations. 


Boilers  ? 


Kind. 


Number. 

f  Horizontal. 

J  Vertical. 

1  Eeturn  tubular. 

[  Water  tube. 
Horse-power. 
Fittings. 
Setting. 
Tools. 
Renewal  parts. 


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


29 


Material. 
Diameter.* 
Stack  ?      -I  Height. 

Flues  and  dampers. 
Pier  or  stack  foundations. 

f  Method. 
Connection  with  heating  system. 

(  Ordinary  gate  or  globe. 
Valves.      •{  Reducing. 
Piping  ?  \  (  Back  pressure. 

Atmospheric  exhaust. 
Exhaust  heads. 

,  Water  supply,  drips,  blow  off. 
.  Pipe  covering. 

(  Number. 
Condensers  ?   •{  Kind. 

( Capacity. 

Pumps  and  injectors. 

Heaters  and  purifiers. 

Separators. 

Oil  extractors. 

Date  of  commencement  and  completion 

Date  of  starting  plant. 

Inspections. 

Tests. 

Terms  of  payment. 


30  ELECTEIO  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

SPECIFICATION. 

2.  warning.  Parties  making  bids  for  any  portion 
of  the  work  contemplated  under  these 
specifications  (and  plans)  must  familiarize 
themselves  therewith  both  as  regards  that 
portion  of  the  work  covered  by  their  bid 
and  such  other  work  as  must  be  carried  on, 
or  is  intended  to  operate  in  conjunction 
therewith  in  order  that  the  true  spirit  and 
intent  of  these  specifications  (and  plans) 
may  be  fulfilled.  In  case  these  specifica- 
tions (and  plans)  are  in  any  part  deficient 
or  not  clearly  expressed,  the  parties 

making  bids  shall  apply  to for  the 

required  information  before  such  bids  are 
submitted,  as  no  changes  will  be  allowed 
in  specifications  (or  plans)  after  the  con- 
tract is  awarded  except  under  the  con- 
ditions named  in  article  "Additional, 
Omitted  or  Changed  Work." 

It  must  be  understood  and  agreed  that 
these  specifications  (and  plans)  shall  be 
fulfilled  in  their  true  spirit  and  intent 
and  that  any  apparatus  or  appliance 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  31 

essential  to  the  proper  and  convenient 
operation  of  the  system  shall  be  supplied 
and  installed  without  extra  charge  even 
though  not  specifically  called  for. 

PBEAMBLE. 

Parties  bidding  shall  state  specific- 
ally just  what  part  of  these  specifica- 
tions their  bid  covers. 

A  complete  and  correct  copy  of  these 
specifications  shall  be  attached  to  each 
bid  submitted. 

All  bids  must  be  submitted  on  or  before 

The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  or 
all  bids. 

No  bid  will  be  considered  unless  accom- 
panied by  a  certified  check  in  the  sum  of 

,  payable  to ,  said  check  to  be 

forfeited  if  the  successful  bidder    shall 

fail  to  deposit  with within days 

after  the  acceptance  of  his  bid  the  bond 
required  under  these  specifications.     The 


32  ELECTEIC   LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

checks  of  unsuccessful  bidders  will  be 
returned  to  them  within  -  -  days  from 
date  of  opening  bids. 

4.  Bond.  Successful  bidders  will  be  required  to 
furnish  an  approved  bond  within  - 
days  after  the  acceptance  of  their  bid  in 
the  sum  of  -  -  to  faithfully  commence, 
carry  on,  and  complete  their  work  in  every 
respect  according  to  the  true  spirit  and 
intent  of  these  specifications. 

5.  contractor.  The  word  "  contractor "  as  herein 
used  refers  to  the  party  or  parties  whose 
bid  or  bids  for  the  whole  or  any  part  of 
the  work  contemplated  uiider  these  spec- 
ifications have  been  accepted. 

e.  commence-      Contractors  under  these  specifications 

rnent  and 

Coio1fpwork?n  shall  commence  work  on  dates  to  be 
assigned,  notice  to  be  given  of  such  dates 
not  less  than-  —days  in  advance.  All 
work  shall  proceed  as  rapidly  as  is  con- 
sistent with  thoroughness  and  good  work- 
manship, and  shall  be  completed  in  the 
following  times: 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  33 

Installation  o£  dynamos,  storage  bat- 
teries and  apparatus  within  -  -  days  af- 
ter assigned  date  of  commencement. 

Installation  of  wiring  and  wiring  devices 
within  -  -  days  after  assigned  date  of 
commencement. 

Erection  of  pole  line  and  wire  within 
-  days   after   assigned  date   of  com- 
mencement. 

Installation  of  fixtures  and  dependent 
work  within  -  -  days  after  assigned  date 
of  commencement. 

Installation  of  steam  plant  complete 
within  -  -  days  after  assigned  date  of 
commencement. 

But  delays  due  to  strikes,  riots,  or  acci- 
dents beyond  the  control  of  contractors 
shall  be  added  to  the  time  stipulated 
above  for  the  completion  of  the  work 
provided  application  is  made  in  writing 
by  the  contractor  at  the  time  such  de- 
lay occurs,  giving  its  nature  and  extent, 
such  application  to  be  subject  to  the 
approval  of . 


34  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

7.  Damages.  If  any  contractor  shall  fail  to  complete 
his  work  in  the  time  stipulated  above,  in- 
cluding time  lost  through  unavoidable 
delays  if  such  time  has  been  approved, 
there  shall  be  deducted  as  liquidated 
damages  from  the  contract  price  the  sum 

of per  day  for  each  and  every  day 

the  work  remains  uncompleted  after  the 
date  set  as  above. 

GENERAL  SPECIFICATION. 

s.  Duties  of      Each   contractor    shall    personally    or 

Contractors,  ^rough   an  authorized   and    competent 

representative  constantly   supervise  the 

work  from  its  beginning  to  its  completion 

and  acceptance. 

He  shall,  so  far  as  possible,  keep  the 
same  foremen  and  workmen  on  the  work 
from  its  commencement  to  its  completion 
and  acceptance. 

He  shall  furnish  all  transportation, 
labor,  apparatus  and  materials  necessary 
for  performing  his  work  according  to  the 
true  spirit  and  intent  of  these  specifica- 
tions (and  plans). 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  35 

•    * 

He  shall  obtain  all  necessary  permits 
and  licenses  for  temporary  obstructions, 
etc.,  and  shall  pay  all  fees  for  same. 

He  shall  at  all  times,  until  its  completion 
and  final  acceptance,  protect  his  work, 
apparatus  and  materials  from  accidental 
damage  by  other  contractors  or  other- 
wise, making  good  any  damage  thus  oc- 
curring at  his  own  expense ;  also  making 
good  any  injury  done  the  building  in  the 
performance  of  his  work. 

He  shall  comply  with  all  corporation, 
city,  state  and  other  ordinances  and  laws 
relating  to  his  work. 

He  shall  be  responsible  for  all  accidents 
resulting  through  his  work. 

He  shall  sub -let  no  portion  of  his  work 
except  on  the  written  permission  and 
approval  of  the  -  -  and  shall  be  re- 
sponsible for  work  thus  sub-let  as  though 
it  were  his  own. 

(The  purchaser)  agrees  to  afford  the 
contractor  all  reasonable  facilities  to 
enable  the  work  to  proceed  without  inter- 
ruption from  beginning  to  end  and  to 


36  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

make  good  any  loss  which  the  contractor 
suffers  in  consequence  of  delay  on  the 
part  of  said  (purchaser.) 

9.  work,  La-     All  work   contemplated  under     these 

bor  and  Ma- 
terials,     specifications    shall     be     executed    in    a 

workmanlike  and  substantial  manner;  no 
patched  or  slovenly  work  will  be  allowed. 

The  labor  shall  be  thoroughly  compe- 
tent and  skillful  in  its  line. 

All  materials  shall  be  of  the  very  best 
quality,  shall  be  of  standard  dimensions, 
unless  specified  otherwise,  and  samples 
shall  be  submitted  to  — • and  ap- 
proved before  being  used. 

w.  oAddition-    Additional  work  will  be  allowed  only 
°r  woarkfed   on  the  written  order  of  (the  purchaser.) 

Specified  work  shall  be  omitted  or 
changed  only  by  written  agreement  be- 
tween the  contracting  parties. 

The  addition  or  rebate  for  such  added, 
omitted,  or  changed  work  shall  be  as  mut- 
ually agreed  upon,  the  amount  to  be  stip- 
ulated in  the  order  or  agreement. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  37 

•    * 

The  contractor  shall  make  good  for  a  n.  Replace- 
ment of  De- 
period  of  -     -  days  after  the  final  accept- 

ance  of  the  work  all  defects  which  de- 
velop on  account  of  defective  work  or 
material. 


All  patented  apparatus  and  material  12.  patented 
must  be  furnished  by  the  contractor  under 
guarantee  against  loss  through  suits,  royal- 
ties, or  claims  of  any  kind  whatsoever, 
and  that  any  loss  or  damage  to  (purchaser) 
through  such  suits  or  claims  will  be  made 
good  by  said  contractor. 

Every  bidder  is  expected  to  include  in  13.  special 
his  proposal  not  only  everything  called 
for  in  these  specifications,  but  also  any 
special  devices  or  methods  peculiar  to 
his  system  which  will  add  to  the  safety, 
completeness,  or  efficiency  of  the  plant, 
stating  clearly  the  advantages  to  be  de- 
rived from  their  use. 


Contractors  must  provide  all  necessary  u.  safe- 
guards and 

safeguards  from  accidents  to  persons  or 


L>0  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

property;  must  keep  all  passages,  en- 
trances, sidewalks,  etc.,  free  from  debris 
and  incumbrances ;  and  on  the  completion 
of  the  work  must  remove  from  the  prem- 
ises all  surplus  material  of  every  kind  and 
description. 

15.  pians.        All  plans  and  detailed  drawings  neces- 

sary to  show  the  scope  and  character  of 
the  work  contemplated  under  these 
specifications  will  be  furnished  by  the 

{  SffiXi }  as  re(luired-  Kgnred  dimen- 
sions and  detailed  drawings  are  in  all 
cases  to  be  followed  in  -preference  to 
scaled  dimensions.  The  interpretation  of 
all  plans  and  drawings  shall  rest  with  the 
j  engineer^  I  an(j  -n  cage  any  doubt  arises 

as  to  their  interpretation  or  correctness, 
work  shall  be  discontinued  until  such 
doubt  is  removed,  or  if  continued  it  shall 
be  at  the  risk  of  the  contractor. 

16.  Tests.         (Note. — The  character   and  extent   of 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  39 

•    * 

the  tests,  especially  the  final  tests,  must 
be  determined  for  the  most  part  by  a  con- 
sideration of  each  individual  case.  The 
purpose  for  which  the  plant  is  installed, 
unusual  conditions  to  which  any  part 
may  be  subjected,  necessary  delays  oc- 
curring during  the  process  of  construction, 
relation  of  one  part  of  the  installation 
to  another,  time  intervening  between  the 
completion  of  the  plant  and  its  active 
operation,  operation  before  completion 
and  like  considerations,  should  be  given 
careful  attention.) 

All  work  shall  be  regularly  and  sys- 
tematically tested  while  in  process  of  con- 
struction and  any  defects  found  shall  be 
immediately  remedied. 

The  final  tests  shall  be    made  in  the 

presence  of  the  {  JJjggJ  [  or  his  'repre- 

sentative,  and  the  right  is  reserved  by 
(the  purchaser)  in  case  any  doubt  arises 
as  to  the  fulfillment  of  the  true  spirit  and 
intent  of  the  specifications,  to  demand  a 
test  by  expert  engineers  selected  as  is 


40  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

usual  in  matters  of  arbitration,  whose  de- 
cision shall  be  final  on  all  disputed  points, 
the  expense  of  such  test  to  be  borne 
equally  by  both  parties  unless  the  appa- 
ratus or  material  shall  prove  defective, 
in  which  case  the  contractor  shall  bear 
the  expense  and  shall  also  remedy  the 
defects.  He  shall  also  be  liable  for  any 
damage  or  loss  to  (the  purchaser)  result- 
ing from  conditions  incident  to  the 
remedying  of  such  defects. 

17.  inspec-       During    its    progress  the    work    shall 

tio-n. 

be    subject    to    the    inspection   of  the 

eil^h^eifc  I  or  k^s  rePreseritative,  and  of 
the 

j  -         -  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  / 
j  -        -  Board  of  Inspectors.  j 

On  its  completion  a 

(  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  )       ±-n 
\  Board  of  Inspectors  \  certlfi<^e 

shall  be  furnished  (the  purchaser)  by  the 
contractor  stating  that  all  the  insurance 
rules  and  regulations  under  which  the 
work  was  done  have  been  complied  with. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  41 

•    * 

All  costs  of  such  inspection  to  be  borne 
by  the  contractor. 

This  inspection  is  a  part  of  the  test  and 
the  work  will  not  be  considered  ready  for 
acceptance  until  the  certificate  has  been 
delivered  to . 


All  work  shall  be  done  in  accordance  18-  insurance 

Rules. 

with  the  rules  and  regulations  of . 


ance. 


(Note.  —  The    same  considerations  that  i9-  Accept- 
determine the  character  of  the  tests  will 
also  enter  largely  into  the  conditions  of 
the  acceptance.) 

(The  purchaser)  will  assume  no  liability 
nor  responsibility  for  any  part  of  the  in- 
stallation until  formally  accepted  in 
writing. 

No  part  of  the  installation  will  be  ac- 
cepted until  (the  purchaser)  is  satisfied 
that  it  fully  complies  with  the  spirit  and 
intent  of  the  specifications. 

The  acceptance  of  any  portion  of  the 
work  shall  not  be  construed  as  a  final 
acceptance. 


42  ELECTKIO  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

The  final  acceptance  will  be  given 
only  after  the  completion  of  the  work 
contemplated  under  the  specifications  ac- 
cording to  their  true  spirit  and  intent 
and  after  the  final  tests  as  specified. 
Such  acceptance,  however,  shall  not  prej- 
udice any  claim  which  (the  purchaser) 
may  have  for  the  replacement  of  defect- 
ive material  for  the  time  specified. 

The  date  of  the  completion  of  the  final 
tests  shall  be  taken  as  the  date  of  such 
final  acceptance  provided  such  tests 
prove  satisfactory. 

20paymen?.of     (To  conform  to  individual  cases.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  43 


INSTALLATION     OF     DYNAMOS     AND     SWITCH- 
BOARDS. 

Low  Potential,  Direct  Current  System,  Two- 
Wire  or  Three-  Wire. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  un- 
less otherwise  specified,  erect  the  follow- 
ing apparatus  and  material: 

(Note. — The  following  specification  is  21.  Dynamos, 
for  belted  dynamos;  for  direct-connected, 
or  direct- driven  dynamos  it  must  be 
modified  in  several  particulars,  but  there 
is  such  considerable  difference  in  the 
methods  adopted  by  different  manufact- 
urers for  adapting  their  dynamos  for 
direct- connecting  that  it  is  difficult  to 
frame  a  single  specification  to  cover  them 
all,  and  at  best  it  would  be  an  awkward 
affair.  The  principal  points  to  be  covered 
are  the  method  of  connection,  such  as  by 
slipping  the  armature  over  the  extended 


44  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

engine  shaft  or  connecting  engine  and 
dynamo  shafts  by  a  coupling;  the  out- 
board bearing;  the  method  of  supporting 
the  fields;  the  brush-holder  support;  the 
extended  foundation  box,  and  the  speed. 

It  should  also  be  mentioned  where  and 
by  whom  the  dynamo  is  to  be  connected 
to  the  engine;  how  the  freight  and  hand- 
ling charges  are  to  be  divided;  and  where 
and  by  whom  tests  of  the  combination,  if 
any  are  to  be  made  before  erection,  are 
to  be  conducted.) 

-  direct  current,  constant  poten- 
tial    dynamo(s)    (each)  having  a  normal 
capacity  of  -     -amperes    at  -      -  volts. 
The  (se)       dynamo  (s)         shall       be 

j  shunt  wound ;         f 
(  compound  wound;) 

of  the  latest  and  most  efficient  pattern; 
mounted  on  a  base  provided  with  an  ad- 
justable belt  tightener  so  that  the  belt 
may  be  tightened  while  in  operation; 
capable  of  operating  under  full  load  for 
consecutive  hours  without  increas- 
ing the  temperature  of  any  part,  especial- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  45 

ly  the  armature,  fields  and  commutator, 
to  such  a  degree  as  to  endanger  the  ins  u- 
lation  or  decrease  the  efficiency  of  oper- 
ation; shall  not  spark  appreciably  with 
proper  care  of  the  commutator  and  ad- 
justment of  brushes,  nor  under  consider- 
able variation  of  load;  shall  have  an  in- 
sulation resistance  of  not  less  than— 
ohms  between  all  parts  insulated  from 
each  other;  shall  be  adapted  to  operate  at 
such  speed  as  will  allow  the  use  of  high 
speed,  automatic  cut-off  engines  belted 
direct;  shall  be  provided  with  efficient 
oiling  devices;  the  armature  shall  be  bal- 
anced both  electrically  and  mechanically 
so  that  there  will  be  no  tendency  to  spring 
the  shaft,  or  to  draw  the  armature  toward 
either  bearing  so  as  to  cause  excessive 
friction  and  heating,  and  no  vibration;  the 
'dynamo(s)  shall  be  so  designed  that  with 
the  proper  connections  any  number  may 
be  operated  in  parallel  of  whatever  am- 
pere capacity,  provided  the  voltage  be  the 
same;  that  when  connected  so  to  operate 
it  shall  be  possible,  with  ordinary  care 


46  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

• 

and  precaution,  to  add  to  or  take  away 
from  the  circuit  any  dynamo  without  in 
any  manner  affecting  the  operation  of  the 
remainder,  or  causing  any  change  in  the 
candle-power  or  steadiness  of  the  lamps; 
and  that  when  two  or  more  are  operating 
on  the  same  circuit  in  parallel  the  load 
may  be  divided  between  them  in  propor- 
tion to  their  respective  capacities  under 
all  conditions,  from  no  load  to  full  load; 
and  that  with  the  proper  connections  any 
number  of  pairs,  a  pair  consisting  of  two 
similar  dynamos,  may  be  manipulated 
in  the  same  manner  and  with  the  same 
effect  as  single  dynamos,  as  indicated 
above. 
Thedynamo(s)  shall  be  rated  with  such 

margin  of  safety  that  j    ^  I  shall  not  be 

in]ured  if  subjected  to  an  overload  of  - 
per  cent,  above  such  rating  for  a  pe  riod 
of  -  . 


(Note.  —  The  following  specification  is 
for  foundations  for  belted  dynamos;  while 


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  47 

the  dynamo  foundation  need  not  be  as 
massive  as  the  engine  foundation  it 
should,  nevertheless,  be  of  ample  dimen- 
sions. 

For  direct- connected  outfits  the  foun- 
dation is  the  engine  foundation  sufficient- 
ly enlarged  to  also  support  the  dynamo 
and  therefore  is  properly  included  under 
the  head  of  engine  foundation. 

For  either  purpose  the  foundation 
should  be  entirely  separated  from  walls, 
floor  or  sub -stratum  of  rock  by  some 
deadening  material  such  as  felt,  cork, 
or  sand.) 

The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  dynamo(s) 

shall  be  built  by  the  j  purc^ser  [  of 

laid ,  or  other  material  subject  to  the 

approval  of  the  j  jggg*  [  and  shall  be 
of  sufficient  length,  width  and  depth  to 

safely  and  firmly  sustain  |  tj}eir  I  weight. 

(    1I}S    ) 

j^y  I  shall  be  insulated  and  isolated 


48  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

in  the  following  manner:  -  ,  so  that 
no  vibration  or  noise  whatsoever  shall  be 
transmitted  to  any  part  of  the  building. 

Above  the  floor    line  j  t]^y  j-  shall  be 

faced  with  -  . 

All  necessary  excavating  or  filling    and 
the  removal  of  all  debris  shall  be  done  by 


sha11  alsorestore 

the  floor  in  the  following  manner  -  . 

The  height  of  the  dynamo  base-frame(s) 
above  the  floor  line  will  be  -  . 

The  dynamo  base-frame(s)  shall  be 
firmly  and  securely  fastened  to  the(se) 
foundation(s)  in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent 
lateral  motion  in  either  direction,  and 
to  give  an  even  bearing  surface  at  every 
point. 

23.  jenstru-  (Note.  —  This  specification  simply  pro- 
vides for  such  instruments  as  are  actual- 
ly necessary  for  operating  the  dynamo;  if 
extra  instruments  are  desired  such  as 
portable  voltmeters,  portable  ammeters, 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  49 

testing  sets,  etc.,  they  should  be  distinct- 
ly specified  as  well  as  the  make  if  a  par- 
ticular kind  is  preferred.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dy- 
namo one  hand  regulator  for  adjusting 
the  pressure,  made  entirely  of  incombus- 
tible material;  one  ampere  meter  for  in- 
dicating the  current  supplied  by  the  dy- 
namo and  graduated  to  read  amperes;  one 
voltmeter  or  pressure  indicator,  which 
may  remain  constantly  in  circuit  so  as 
to  indicate  continuously  the  pressure  at 
the  point  to  which  it  is  connected,  and 
which  shall  be  so  constructed  that  the 
scale  is  plainly  visible  at  a  distance  of  at 
least  -  — ;  one  brush  jig  for  trimming  the 
brushes;  and  one  insulating  base  frame 
provided  with  rails  and  a  suitable  device 
for  shifting  the  position  of  the  dynamo  to 
alter  the  belt  tension.  There  shall  also 

be    provided   for     the     installation 

ground  detector(s),  which  shall  contin- 
uously indicate  the  insulation  from  the 
ground  maintained  on  both  sides  through- 


50  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

out  the  system,  and lighting  arresters 

of  the type. 

(Note.— In  the  case  of  compound  dy- 
namos operating  in  parallel  the  equalizing 
wire  may  often  more  conveniently  be  car- 
ried direct  from  dynamo  to  dynamo  in 
which  case  this  contractor  should  furnish 
and  connect  a  suitable  equalizing  switch 
at  each  dynamo.) 

This  contractor  shall  carry  to  the 

switchboard  location  at all  regulator 

and  main  wires,  leaving  the  ends  coiled  up 
neatly,  properly  tagged,  and  sufficiently 
long  to  make  the  necessary  switchboard 
connections.  All  main  wires  shall  have  a 

capacity  of  at  least C.  M.  per  ampere, 

and  no  wire  smaller  than  -  -  B.  &  S. 
or B.  W.  G.  shall  be  used.  Regu- 
lator wires  shall  be  covered  with  

insulation,  and  shall  be 

cleated  to  the  ceiling,  1 

carried  on  insulators,  [mA{n     W1- r  p  q 

concealed  in  molding,  fmain    wires 

run  in  conduits ;  J 

i,  n  i,      f  \  bare  copper  wire  supported  j 
shall  be  of  j  on  por(gain  insuiat^s, 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  51 

or  insulated  wire* 

'carefully  cleated  to  the  ceiling, 

carried    on    porcelain    insulators, 

concealed  in  molding  consisting 
of  a  backing thick  and  a  cap- 
ping -  -  thick, 

run  in  conduit, 

wires  of  opposite  polarity  being  separated 
not  less  than  -  — .  In  no  case  shall  in- 
sulated wires  be  carried  in  such  proximity 
to  heated  surfaces,  vapors  or  air  as  to 
endanger  their  insulation. 

When  the  plant  shall  be  ready  for  oper-  25.  starting 

Plant  and  In- 

ation  the  dynamo(s) shall  be  operated  for  a  8truction- 
period  of consecutive  days  by  com- 
petent engineers  furnished  by  the  con- 
tractor; all  oil,  waste,  power,  etc.,  to  be 
furnished  by  (the  purchaser).  This  con- 
tractor shall  also  give  all  necessary  instruc- 
tion to  the  engineer  of  (the  purchaser)  for 
the  proper  care,  maintenance  and  opera- 
tion of  the  dynamo(s),  such  instruction  tc 
be  given  during  the  trial  period  stipulated 
above. 


This  contractor  shall  furnish  such  re- 


52  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

newal  parts  as  it  is  advisable  to  keep  on 
hand,  adding  hereto  an  itemized  list  of 
same. 

27maSrym"  (Note. — The  object  of  this  summary  is 
to  present  in  a  concise,  tabulated  form, 
the  essential  data  concerning  the  appara- 
tus to  be  supplied,  thus  enabling  the  dif- 
ferent bids  to  be  easily  and  quickly  com- 
pared. For  complete  plants  a  single 
form,  systematically  arranged,  will  be 
found  extremely  convenient  both  in  mak- 
ing comparisons  and  in  being  able  to  see 
at  a  glance  just  what  apparatus  and  ap- 
pliances are  called  for,  thus  constituting  a 
check  on  the  specifications  themselves.) 

Each  bidder   shall  fill  out  completely 
the  following  summary: 
Number  of  dynamos 

Trade  number  or  designation    .    

Rating  in  volts  .... 
Rating  in  amperes 

Shunt  or  compound  .        .        .    

Speed 

Dimensions  of  pulleys       .        .    


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  .53 

H.  P.  required  tfo  be  delivered  at  the 
pulley  at  full  load  .        .        .    - 

Switchboard  and  Appliances. 
This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect 
the  following  apparatus  and  material: 


(Note.  —  In  plants  of  any  considerable 
size  the  switchboard  specification  is  an 
extremely  important  one.  Its  general 
characteristics  will  be  determined  by 
questions  of  purpose,  economy,  utility, 
available  space,  beauty,  etc.,  but  the  de- 
tails of  material,  method  of  wiring,  attach- 
ment of  instruments,  location,  number  of 
switchboards,  etc.,  require  the  most  care- 
ful study.  It  may  be  advisable  in  one  in- 
stance to  have  a  single  switchboard  con- 
trolling everything  from  a  single  centre, 
in  another  to  have  a  dynamo  switchboard 
and  a  separate  circuit  switchboard,  while 
in  yet  another  to  even  divide  the  dynamo 
switchboard  into  two  or  more  parts  and 
to  have  several  circuit  switchboards.  In 
determining  the  location  of  switchboards 


54  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

not  only  should  questions  of  convenience 
be  considered,  but  also  questions  of  its 
relation  to  economy  in  the  wiring. 

The  switchboard  shall  be  made  of  -  , 
neatly  and  substantially  built,  of  suffi- 
cient size  to  accommodate  all  the  regulat- 
ing apparatus,  switches,  bus  bars,  etc., 
named  below  without  crowding,  supported 
on  a  stout  framing  of  -  ,  and  set  out  not 
less  than  --  from  the  wall. 


(Note.  —  This  specification  includes  only 
the  instruments  used  in  the  simplest  of 
installations.  The  instruments  required 
for  any  particular  installation  must  be 
determined  by  its  individual  purposes 
and  necessities.) 

There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch- 
board all  the  dynamo  regulating  appara- 
tus and  the  following  appliances: 

-  main  ampere  meters. 
-  ampere  meters  for  risers. 

-  dynamo  galvanometers. 

-  dynamo  galvanometer  switches. 

-  -  -dynamo  switches. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  55 


change-over  switches. 
break-  down  switches. 
main  cut-outs. 


(switches,  cut-outs,  etc.,  for  purely  local 
conditions). 

All  switches  carrying  over—  —amperes 
shall  be  knife  switches ;  all  other  switches 
shall  have  sliding  contacts,  and  shall 
make  and  break  contact  automatically 
beyond  the  control  of  the  operator,  who 
shall  simply  set  the  switch  at  the  point 
of  making  or  breaking. 

Cut-outs  shall  be  so  protected  that  the 
molten  metal  cannot  be  spattered  about 
on  the  fusing  of  the  strip. 

All  switches  and  cut-outs  shall  be 
mounted  on  incombustible  bases. 

All   connecting  wires  shall  be  carried  30.  connec- 
tions (con- 
back    of    the    switchboard    using    only     ceal^' 

-wire.  All  joints  shall  be  soldered. 
All  connections  to  switches,  cut-outs, 
etc.,  shall  be  soldered  or  made  with  an 


56  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

approved  form  of  lug  or  set  screw,  in  all 
cases  care  being  taken  to  secure  good  and 
sufficient  contact  to  prevent  heating  and 
insure  permanency;  when  made  with  lugs 
or  set  screws  they  shall  be  in  plain  sight 
and  easily  accessible  for  tightening. 
Connecting  wires  shall  be  so  run  and 
secured  that  crosses  or  grounds  are  im- 
possible in  the  normal  operation  of  the 
plant.  All  main  wires  shall  have  a 
capacity  of  at  least  -  C.  M.  per  ampere 
and  no  wire  smaller  than  -  B.  &  S.  or 
-  B.  W.  G.  shall  be  used. 

All  dynamo,  bus,  feeder  and  riser  wires 
shall  be  ofwire    fastened 


lated 

neatly  and  securely  to  the  front  surface 
of  the  switchboard.  All  bare  wires  shall 
be  separated  from  the  board  by  an  air 
space  of  not  less  than  -  .  Bus  bars 
shall  be  of  -  section.  All  minor  con- 
nections, such  as  to  pressure  indicators, 
ground  detectors,  etc.,  shall  be  made  on 

the    board 


ELECTRIC    LIGHTING   SPCEIFICATIONS.  57 

wire.  All  joints  sh*all  be  soldered.  All 
connections  to  switches,  cut-outs,  etc., 
shall  be  soldered  or  made  with  an  ap- 
proved form  of  lug  or  set  screw,  in  all 
cases  care  being  taken  to  secure  good  and 
sufficient  contact  to  prevent  heating  and 
insure  permanency ;  when  made  with  lugs 
or  set  screws  they  shall  be  in  plain  sight 
and  easily  accessible  for  tightening.  All 
main  wires  shall  have  a  capacity  of  at 
least  -  -  C.  M.  per  ampere,  and  no  wire 
smaller  than  -  -  B.  &  S.  or  -  -  B.  W. 
G.  shall  be  used. 

The  following  circuits  will  centre  at  the  32.  circuits, 
switchboard: 
(Enumeration  of  circuits 

To  different  floors; 

To  different  sections  of  the  building; 

Residence  circuits; 

Commercial  circuits; 

Street  lighting  circuits; 

Power  circuits,  etc. 

This  enumeration  will  largely  determine 
the  extra  instruments  to  be  supplied.) 


58  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Incandescent  Series  System,  Dynamos  Me- 
dium or  High  Potential  (Variable  or 
Constant),  Current  Direct  or  Alternat- 
ing. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  un- 
less otherwise  specified,  erect  the  follow- 
ing apparatus  andmaterial: 

33.  Dynamos.    (See  Note:  p.  43,  sec.  21.) 

dynamo(s)  (each)  having  a  capac- 
ity   of  kilowatts.      The   maximum 

voltage  at  the  terminals  of  the  dynamo(s) 

shall  not  exceed volts  at  full  load. 

The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  of  the  latest  and 
most  efficient  pattern;  mounted  on  a  base 
provided  with  an  adjustable  belt  tighten- 
er so  that  the  belt  may  be  tightened 
while  in  operation;  capable  of  operating 

under  full  load  for consecutive  hours 

without  increasing  the  temperature  of  any 
part,  especially  the  armature,  fields  and 
commutator,  to  such  a  degree  as  to  en- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  59 

danger  the  insulation  or  decrease  the  effi- 
ciency of  operation;  shall  not  spark  un- 
duly with  proper  care  of  the  commutator 
and  adjustment  of  the  brushes,  nor  under 
considerable  variation  of  load;  shall  have 
an  insulation  resistance  of  not  less  than 
-  ohms  between  all  parts  insulated 
from  each  other;  shall  be  adapted  to  oper- 
ate at  such  speed  as  will  allow  the  use 
of  high-speed,  automatic  cut- off  engines 
belted  direct;  shall  be  provided  with  effi- 
cient oiling  devices;  the  armature  shall  be 
balanced  both  electrically  and  mechanical- 
ly so  that  there  will  be  no  tendency  to 
spring  the  shaft  or  to  draw  the  armature 
toward  either  bearing  so  as  to  cause  ex- 
cessive friction  and  heating,  and  no  vibra- 
tion; if  of  the  direct  and  constant -current 

type   ]  u  ey  r  shall  be  so  designed  that 

with  the  proper  connections  two  or  more 
may  be  operated  successfully  in  series,  so 
that  with  ordinary  care  and  precaution 
any  dynamo  may  be  added  to  or  taken 
from  the  circuit  without  in  any  manner 


60  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

affecting  the  efficient  operation  of  the  re- 
mainder, and  with  but  a  momentary  fluc- 
tuation in  the  candle-power  and  steadi- 
ness of  the  lamps ;  if  of  the  direct- current , 

constant-potential  type  \  >,  ev  j-  shall    be 

so  designed  that  with  the  proper  connec- 
tions two  or  more  may  be  operated  suc- 
cessfully in  parallel  so  that  with  ordinary 
care  and  precaution  any  dynamo  may  be 
added  to  or  taken  from  the  circuit  with- 
out in  any  manner  affecting  the  operation 
of  the  dynamos  remaining  in  circuit  or 
causing  any  change  in  the  candle-power 
of  the  lamps;  and  that  when  two  or  more 
are  operating  on  the  same  circuit  the  load 
may  be  divided  between  them  in  propor- 
tion to  their  respective  capacities  under 
all  conditions  from  no  load  to  full  load. 
The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  rated  with  such 

margin  of  safety  that  j  ^  ev  >•  will  not  be 

injured  if  subjected  to  an  overload  of 

per  cent,  above  such  rating  for  a  period 
of . 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  61 

(See  Note:  p.  46*,  sec.  22.)  34- 

The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  dynamo(s) 


laid  -  ,  or  of  other  material  subject  to 


the  approval  of  the  ^itTct'  andsha11 
be  of  sufficient  length,  width,  and  depth 

to    safely    and  firmly    sustain  j  ^eir  J- 

weight.  The  foundation(s)  shall  be 
capped  with  a  framing  of  well-  seasoned 
timber  securely  fastened  thereto,  the  dy- 
namo baseframe(s)  being  securely  fast- 
ened to  the  framing  or  to  the  foundation 
through  the  framing,  both  framing  and 
baseframe  being  secured  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  prevent  lateral  motion  in  either  di- 
rection and  to  give  an  even  bearing  surface 
at  every  point.  If  metal  is  used  to  fast- 
en framing  or  baseframe  to  the  foundation 
it  must  be  thoroughly  insulated  where  it 
passes  through  them,  and  at  all  places 
liable  to  come  in  contact  with  the  dyna- 
mo must  be  countersunk  and  covered  with 


62  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

a  moisture-proof  insulating  compound. 

All    necessary    excavating  and  filling 
and  the  removal    of  all  debris  shall  be 

done  by  the  j  J£j™£  [  who  shall  also 

restore  the  floor  in  the  following  manner: 
.  The  height  of  the  dynamo  base- 
frame^)  above  the  floor  line  will  be . 


35.  instni-       (See  Note:  p.  48,  sec.  23.) 

meats. 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dy- 
namo one  voltmeter  or  pressure  indicator 
which  shall  remain  constantly  in  circuit 
so  as  to  indicate  at  all  times  the  pressure 
at  the  point  to  which  it  is  connected;  one 
brush  jig  for  trimming  the  brushes;  one 
insulating  baseframe  provided  with  rails 
and  a  suitable  device  for  shifting  the  po- 
sition of  the  dynamo  to  alter  the  belt 
tension;  if  of  the  constant-potential  type, 
one  hand  regulator  made  entirely  of  in- 
combustible material,  a  compensator  or 
suitable  balancing  device  for  keeping  the 
current  in  each  circuit  practically  con- 
stant; if  of  the  constant-current  type  a  reg- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  63 

ulator  for  so  controlling  the  potential  as 
lights  are  turned  on  or  off  that  the  current 
shall  not  vary  appreciably  from  its  normal 
value  under  any  condition  of  load.  There 
shall  be  provided  for  each  circuit  one 
ampere  meter  for  indicating  the  current 
in  said  circuit,  one  ground  detector  which 
shall  continuously  indicate  the  insulation 
from  the  ground  maintained  at  both  poles 
and  approximately  the  distance  of  any 
ground  from  the  station,  and  one  pair  of 
lighting  arresters.  There  shall  also  be 
provided  one  testing  set  capable  of 
measuring  up  to  -  -  ohms. 


This  contractor  shall  carry  to  the 
switchboard  location  at  -  —  all  regulator, 
exciter,  auxiliary  and  main  wires,  leaving 
the  ends  coiled  up  neatly,  properly 
tagged  and  sufficiently  long  to  make  the 
necessary  switchboard  connections.  All 
main  wires  shall  have  a  capacity  of  at 
least  -  C.  M.  per  ampere  and  no  wire 
smaller  than  --  B.  &  S.  or  --  B.  W. 
Gr.  shall  be  used.  All  wires  shall  be  in- 


64  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

sulated  with ;  shall  be  run ;  when 

of  opposite  polarity  shall  be  separated  at 

least ;  and  where  crossing  each  other, 

wires  of  other  circuits,  or  passing  near 
metal  pipes,  girders,  etc.,  shall  be  further 
protected  by  -  — .  In  no  case  shall  insu- 
lated wires  be  carried  in  such  proximity 
to  heated  surfaces,  vapors  or  air  as  to  en- 
danger their  insulation. 

37.  Starting  fSpp  r>  51  SPC  25  } 
Plant  and  In-  Vot5fc;  P-  J1»  btH"  ^'/ 
struction. 

38.pRenewai     (See  p.  51,  sec.  26.) 

39.  Summary.      (gee  Note:  p.  52,  S6C.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely 
the  following  summary: 
Number  of  dynamos    „   ,.     .     ..    .; ..- 
Trade  number  or  designation    . 

Rating  in  volts    .     .     .     .    .     ,    .  - 
Rating  in  amperes     .     .    .    .    » 
Direct  or  alternating  current    .     .  - 
Constant  or  varying  current    .     . 
Constant  or  varying  potential    . 
Series,  shunt,  compound,  self  or 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  65 


separately  excited 

Rating  of  exciter  in  volts    .     .     . 

Rating  of  exciter  in  amperes    .     . 

Trade  number  or  designation    .     . 

Regulation  by  hand  or  automatic 

Number  of  fully  loaded  circuits  pos- 
sible to  operate  per  dynamo  . 

Volts  per  -    -  c.  p.  lamp    .     .     . 

Amperes  per-    -  c.  p.  lamp    .     . 

H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at 
the  pulley  at  full  load    .     .     .  - 


(See  p.  53,  sec.  28.)  40. 


There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch-  «.  switch- 

board Appa- 

board,  in  addition  to  all  the  dynamo  regu-     conunectk>ns. 
lating  apparatus,  such  switches,  cut-outs 
and  other  appliances  as  are  necessary  for 
the  proper  and  convenient  manipulation 
of  the  circuits,   such  appliances  to    be 
named  by  each  bidder  in  his  proposal. 
For  systems  operating  dynamos  and  cir- 
cuits in  parallel,  the  appliances  and  con- 
nections   shall  be   such  as  will  permit 
adding  to  or  taking  from  the  circuit  any 


)0  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS. 

dynamo  without  in  any  manner  affecting 
the  operation  of  the  dynamos  remaining 
in  circuit  or  the  candle-power  of  the 
lamps,  and  will  permit  the  cutting  in  or 
out  of  any  circuit  without  affecting  the 
stability  of  other  circuits.  For  systems 
operating  one  dynamo  for  each  circuit  or 
series  of  circuits  the  connections  shall  be 
such  as  will  permit  any  circuit  to  be  con- 
nected to  or  disconnected  from  any  dy- 
namo with  certainty  and  rapidity.  (For 
switchboard  connections  see  sees.  30  and 
3 1,  pp.  55  and  56. 

43.  circuits.      (See  p.  57,  sec.  32.) 


ELECTKIC    LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  67 

•    * 

Constant    Potential,    Alternating    Current 
System. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  un- 
less otherwise  specified,  erect  the  follow  - 
ling  apparatus  and  material: 

(See  Note:  p.  43,  sec.  21.)  43.  Dynamo®. 

-  constant  potential,  alternating 
current  dynamo(s)  {each)  having  a  capac- 
ity of  -  kilowatts.  The  maximum 
voltage  at  the  terminals  of  the  dynamo(s) 
shall  not  exceed  -  —  volts. 

The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  of  the  latest 
and  most  efficient  pattern;  mounted  on  a 
base  provided  with  an  adjustable  belt 
tightener  so  that  the  belt  may  be  tight- 
ened while  in  operation;  capable  of  oper- 
ating under  full  load  for  -  -  consecutive 
hours  without  increasing  the  temperature 
of  any  part,  especially  the  armature,  fields 
and  commutator,  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
endanger  the  insulation  or  decrease  the 


68  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

efficiency  of  operation;  shall  have  an  in- 
sulation resistance  of  not  less  than  - 
ohms  between  all  parts  insulated  from 
each  other;  shall  be  adapted  to  operate  at 
such  speed  as  will  allow  the  use  of  high- 
speed, automatic  cut-off  engines  belted 
direct;  shall  be  supplied  with  efficient 
oiling  devices;  the  armature  shall  be 
balanced  both  electrically  and  me- 
chanically so  that  there  will  be 
no  tendency  to  spring  the  shaft,  or  to 
draw  the  armature  toward  either  bearing 
so  as  to  cause  excessive  friction  and  heat- 
ing, and  no  vibration;  all  contacts, 
brushes,  binding  posts,  etc.,  shall  be  so 
placed  and  protected  that  there  is  the 
least  possible  danger  of  receiving  a  shock. 
The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  rated  with  such 


margin  of  safety  that  j  jey  j-  will  not  be 

injured  if  subjected  to  an  overload  of  - 
per  cent,  above  such  rating  for  a  period 
of  -  ;  if  self  -exciting  the  coils  furnish- 
ing the  exciting  current,  and  the  commu- 
tator shall  be  so  insulated  and  protected 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  69 

that  it  will  be  impossible  under  the  ordi- 
nary conditions  of  operation  to  ground  or 
cross  them  on  themselves  or  on  the  arma- 
ture circuit;  if  separately  excited  the  ex- 
citing dynamo(s)  also  shall  be  subject  to 
the  general  conditions  given  above,  shall 
operate  at  a  potential  not  exceeding  - 
volts,  shall  be  of  ample  capacity  to  excite 
the  fields  of  -  -  dynamo(s)  (each)  having 
a  capacity  of-  -kilowatts,  and  shall 
operate  with  no  appreciable  sparking  at 
the  brushes. 


(Seep.  61,  sec.  34.) 


(See  Note:  p.  48,  sec.  23.)  45mJSte.ru 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dy- 
namo one  ampere  meter  for  indicating 
the  current  supplied  by  the  dynamo;  one 
voltmeter  or  pressure  indicator  which 
shall  remain  constantly  in  circuit  so  as  to 
indicate  continuously  the  pressure  on  the 
primary  mains  at  the  point  to  which  it  is 
connected,  and  shall  be  so  constructed 
that  the  scale  is  plainly  visible  at  a  dis- 


70  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

tance  of  at  least ;one  insulating  base- 
frame  provided  with  rails  and  a  suitable 
device  for  shifting  the  position  of  the  dy- 
namo to  alter  the  belt  tension;  one  ground 
detector  which  shall  continuously  indicate 
the  insulation  maintained  on  both  sides 
throughout  the  system;  one  pair  of  light- 
ning arresters ;  for  the  field -exciting  circuit 
one  hand  regulator  made  entirely  of  in- 
combustible material,  one  voltmeter,  one 
brush  jig,  one  double-pole  knife  switch 
mounted  on  an  incombustible  base,  one 
double -pole  fusible  cut-out  mounted  on 
an  incombustible  base;  if  the  fields  are 
separately  excited  there  shall  be  provided 
with  the  exciting  dynamo  one  insulating 
baseframe  as  above,  one  endless  belt, 
and  also,  if  it  excites  the  fields  of  more 
than  one  dynamo,  one  hand  regulator  for 
the  field  circuit  of  the  exciting  dynamo, 
one  hand  regulator  for  each  of  the  field  cir- 
cuits of  the  excited  dynamos,  and  one 
double-pole  knife  switch  and  double-pole 
fusible  cut-out  for  each  of  the  above  field 
circuits,  including  that  of  the  exciting  dy- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  71 

namo  unless  lights  are  operated  there- 
from, in  which  case  a  switch  and  cut-out 
shall  be  placed  in  the  main  circuit  before 
branching  off  to  the  various  dynamos. 

There  shall  be  provided  the  following  46.  convert- 
numbers  and  sizes  of  converters: 
Number.  Size. 


It. 


etc.  etc. 

Each  converter  shall  reduce  the  volt- 
age on  the  primary  circuit  to  -  -  volts 
on  the  secondary  circuit;  shall  have  its 
capacity  plainly  marked  upon  it;  and 
shall  be  provided  with  a  separate  fuse- 
box  which  shall  be  so  arranged  that 
when  replacing  fuses  or  otherwise  work- 
ing about  the  converter  the  primary  cir- 
cuit may  be  opened. 

(See  p.  63,  sec.  36.) 
(See  p.  51,  sec.  25.) 
(See  p.  51,  sec.  26.) 


struetion. 

49- 


72  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

50.  summary.    (See  Note:  p.  52,  sec.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely 
the  following  summary: 
Number  of  alternators  .  .  .  .  - 
Trade  number  or  designation  .  ./- 
Number  of  exciters  .  .  .  .  ,  .  .  - 
Trade  number  or  designation  .  ,  - 
Rating  of  alternators  in  volts  .  .  - 
Rating  of  alternators  in  amperes  .  - 
Rating  of  exciters  in  volts  .  .  .  - 
Rating  of  exc  iters  in  amperes  .  .  - 
Self  or  separately  excited  .  .  .  - 
Reduction  recommended  in  con- 

verters    ........  - 

H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at 

the  pulley  at  full  load    .     .     .  -- 


?  gec.  28.) 


There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch  - 
coSLuections.  board,  in  addition  to  the  dynamo  regulat- 
ing apparatus,  such  switches,  cut-outs 
and  other  appliances  as  are  necessary  for 
the  proper  and  convenient  manipulation 
of  the  circuits,  such  appliances  to  be 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  73 

named  by  each  bidder  in  his  proposal. 
The  appliances  and  connections  shall 
be  such  as  will  permit  the  operation  of 
any  dynamo  on  any  circuit  or  number  of 
circuits,  and  the  cutting  in  or  out  of  any 
dynamo  or  circuit  with  certainty  and 
rapidity  without  in  any  manner  affecting 
the  operation  of  other  dynamos  or  cir- 
cuits. (They  shall  also  be  arranged  in 
such  manner  as  to  render  it  possible  to 
connect  two  dynamos  in  parallel  by  an 
arrangement  of  switches  or  combination 
of  circuits.)  (For  switchboard  connec- 
tions see  sees.  30  and  31,  pp.  55  and  56.) 

(See  p.  57,  sec.  32.)  &.  circuits. 


74  ELECTKIC   LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Alternating  Current  or  Direct  Current 
System,  with  the  Parallel  System  of 
Distribution. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  un- 
less otherwise  specified,  erect  the  follow- 
ing apparatus  and  material: 

54.  Dynamo(8).    (See  Note:  p.  43,  sec.  21.) 

A  dynamo  capacity  of,  as  nearly  as 
possible,  kilowatts.  (The  num- 
ber of  dynamos  shall  not  be  less  than 

,  nor  more  than .) 

The  dynamo  (s)  shall  "be  of  the  latest 
and  most  efficient  pattern;  shall  be 
mounted  upon  a  base  provided  with  an 
adjustable  belt  tightener  so  that  the  belt 
may  be  tightened  while  in  operation; 
capable  of  operating  under  full  load  for 

consecutive  hours  without  increasing 

the  temperature  of  any  part,  especially 
the  armature,  fields,  and  commutator,  to 
such  a  degree  as  to  endanger  the  insula- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS.  75 

tion  or  decrease  tne  efficiency  of  opera- 
tion; shall    not  spark  appreciably  with 
proper  care  of  the  commutator  and  ad- 
justment of  the  brushes,  nor  under  con- 
siderable variation  of  the  load;  shall  have 
an  insulation  resistance  of  not  less  than 
—ohms    between   all    parts   insulated 
from  each  other;    shall    be  adapted  to 
operate  at  such  speed  as  will  allow  the 
use  of  high-speed,  automatic  cut-off  en- 
gines  belted   direct;    shall  be  provided 
with  efficient  oiling  devices;  the  armature 
shall  be   balanced  electrically  and   me- 
chanically so  that  there  will  be  no  ten- 
dency to  spring  the  shaft,  or  to  draw  the 
armature  toward  either  bearing  so  as  to 
cause  excessive  friction  and  heating,  and 
no  vibration;  all  contacts,  binding  posts, 
brushes,  etc.,  having  considerable  differ- 
ences of  potential  between  them  shall  be 
so  placed  and  protected  that  the  danger 
of  receiving  a  shock  is  the  least  possi- 
ble; armature  conductors  shall  be  so  se- 
curely   attached  to    the  armature  as  to 
preclude  any  possibility  of  their  being 


76  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

dragged  from  their  proper  position  under 
normal  conditions  of  operation;  all  coils, 
connections,  commutators,  brushes,  etc., 
belonging  to  different  circuits  shall  be  so 
insulated  and  protected  that  it  will  be 
impossible  under  the  ordinary  conditions 
of  operation  to  cross  or  ground  them;  the 
dynamo(s)  shall  be  rated  with  such  mar- 

gin of  safety  that  ]  u  6y  [  will  not  be  in- 
jured if  subjected  to  an  over-load  of  -  per 
cent,  above  -I  •+  eir  I  normal  rating  for  a 
period  of-  -;if(an)  auxiliary  dynamo(s) 
3  [  required  for  the  operation  of  the 

dynamo(s)  specified  above  ]  u  °y  [  shall 
be  subject  to  the  same  conditions. 

55>  tFo°nusnda"      (See  Note:  P-  46>  sec-  22-) 

The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  dynamo(s) 

shall  be  built  by  the  j  $%*£  [of—, 
laid  -  —  ,  or  of  other  material  subject  to 


the  approval  of  the  j  ^rfMtect  [  and  sha11 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  77 

be  of  sufficient  length,  width  and  depth 
to    safely    and  firmly    sustain  J  ^ € 

weight. 

For  dynamos  operating  at  voltages  be- 
low -  -  the  baseframe  may  be  firmly 
and  securely  fastened  directly  on  the 
foundation.  For  dynamos  operating  at 
voltages  above  -  -  the  foundation  shall 
be  capped  with  a  framing  of  well- sea- 
soned timber  securely  fastened  there- 
to, the  baseframe  being  securely  fastened 
to  the  framing  or  to  the  foundation 
through  the  framing;  both  framing  and 
baseframe  being  secured  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  prevent  lateral  motion  in  either 
direction,  and  to  give  an  even  bearing 
surface  at  every  point. 

If  metal  is  used  to  fasten  framing  or 
baseframe  to  the  foundation  it  shall  be 
thoroughly  insulated  where  it  passes 
through  them  and  at  all  places  liable  to 
come  in  contact  with  the  dynamo  shall 
be  countersunk  and  covered  with  a  moist- 
ure-proof insulating  compound. 


78  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

All   necessary  excavating  and  filling, 
and  the  removal   of  all   debris  shall  be 


done  by  the  )  J^™*J  f  who  shall  also 


restore  the  floor  in  the  following  man- 
ner: --  . 

The  height  of  the  dynamo  base  -frame(s) 
above  the  floor  line  will  be  -  . 

56.  mstru-       (gee  Note:  p.  48,  sec.  23.) 

meats. 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dy- 
namo one  hand  regulator  for  adjusting 
the  pressure,  made  entirely  of  incombus- 
tible material;  one  ampere  meter  for  in- 
dicating the  current  supplied  by  the 
dynamo;  one  voltmeter  or  -pressure-in- 
dicator which  shall  remain  constantly 
in  circuit  so  as  to  indicate  continuously 
the  pressure  at  the  point  to  which  it  is 
connected,  and  shall  be  so  constructed 
that  the  scale  is  plainly  visible  at  a  dis- 
tance of  at  least  -  ;  one  insulating  base- 
frame  provided  with  rails  and  a  suitable 
device  for  shifting  the  position  of  the 
dynamo  to  alter  the  belt  tension;  there 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  79 

shall  be  provided  for  the  installation  one 
ground  detector,  or  if  the  circuits  have 
no  common  junction  one  ground  detector 
for  each  circuit  which  shall  continuously 
indicate  the  insulation  from  the  ground 
maintained  on  both  sides  throughout  the 
system,  and  one  pair  of  lightning  arrest- 
ers for  the  common  circuits,  or  for  each 
circuit  if  they  are  kept  separate;  there 
shall  also  be  provided  such  brush  jigs, 
switches,  out -outs,  belts  and  other  ap- 
pliances as  are  requisite  and  proper  for 
the  operation  of  the  system;  all  switches 
and  cut-outs  to  be  of  the  double  pole 
type  and  mounted  on  incombustible 
bases. 

For  alternating  systems  there  shall  be  57< 

ers. 

provided  the  following  numbers  and  sizes 
of  converters: 

Number.  Sizes. 

-It. 
etc.  etc, 

(See  Note:  p.  50,  sec.  24.) 


80  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

This    contractor   shall    carry    to    the 

switchboard  location  at all  regulator, 

exciter,  auxiliary,  and  main  wires,  leav- 
ing the  ends  coiled  up  neatly,  properly 
tagged  and  sufficiently  long  to  make  the 
necessary  switchboard  connections.  All 
main  wires  shall  have  a  capacity  of  at 

least C.  M.  per  ampere,  and  no  wire 

smaller  than  -  -  B.  &  S.  or  -  -B.  W.  G. 
shall  be  used.  All  regulator,  exciter,  and 

for  systems  carrying  over volts  all 

auxiliary  and  main  wires,  shall  be  insu- 
lated with  -  — ;  all  wires  of  systems  car- 
rying over volts  shall  be  run ; 

where  of  opposite  polarity  shall  be 
separated  at  least ;  and  where  cross- 
ing each  other,  wires  of  other  circuits  or 
passing  near  metal  pipes,  girders,  etc., 
shall  be  further  protected  by . 

For    systems  carrying  less  than  

volts  the  main  wires  shall  be  of 

ibare  copper  wire  supported 
on  porcelain  insulators. 


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 


81 


carefully  cleated  to 
the  ceiling, 

carried  on  porcelain 
insulators, 

insulated  wirej  °°£^  ^ 

ing  of   a  backing 

thick    and    a 

capping-    -thick, 

run    in    conduit, 
wires  of  opposite  polarity  being  separated 
not  less  than  -  — . 

In  no  case  shall  insulated  wires  be  car- 
ried in  such  proximity  to  heated  surfaces, 
vapors  or  air  as  to  endanger  their  insula- 
tion. 


(See  p.  51,  sec.  25.) 
(Seep.  51,  sec.  26.) 


struction. 


?rts?wal 


(See  Note:  p.  52,  sec.  27.)  ei.  summary. 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely, 
so  far  as  it  pertains  to  his  apparatus,  the 
following  summary: 

Number  of  direct -current  dynamos  

Trade  number  or  designation  .         


82  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

Number     of    alternating,  current 

dynamos — 

Trade  number  or  designation   .     . 

Number  of  exciter  dynamos    .     . 

Trade  number  or  designation  .     . 

Rating  of  dynamos  in  volts    .     . 

Eating  of  dynamos  in  amperes     . 

Eating  of  exciters  in  volts    .     .     .  - 

Eating  of  exciters  in  amperes   .     .  - 

Self  or  separately  excited    .     .     .  - 

Shunt  or  compound 

Reduction  recomm  ended  in  convert- 
ers — 


H.  P.   required  to  be  delivered  at  pulley 
at  full  load     ...... 


62  boaTd.ch"       (See  P-  58>  sec- 


There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch  - 
necuonsCon"  board,  in  addition  to  all  the  dynamo  regu- 
lating apparatus,  such  switches,  cut-outs 
and  other  appliances  as  are  necessary  for 
the  proper  and  convenient  manipulation 
of  the  circuits,  such  appliances  to  be 
named  by  each  bidder  in  his  proposal. 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  83 

For  the  two-wire,  direct -current  sys- 
tem the  appliances  and  connections  shall 
be  such  as  will  permit  any  dynamo  to  be 
added  to  or  taken  from  parallel  circuit 
without  in  any  manner  affecting  the  oper- 
ation of  the  dynamos  remaining  in  cir- 
cuit, or  the  candle-power  and  steadiness 
of  the  lamps. 

For  the  three-wire,  direct -current  sys- 
tem the  appliances  and  connections  shall 
be  such  as  will  permit  any  dynamo  on 
either  side  to  be  added  to  or  taken  from 
parallel  circuit  without  in  any  manner 
affecting  the  operation  of  the  dynamos 
remaining  in  circuit  on  that  side,  or  the 
candle-power  and  steadiness  of  the  lamps; 
and  a  breakdown  switch  for  connecting 
the  two  outside  wires  in  case  it  shall  be  • 
come  necessary  or  desirable  to  operate  on 
the  two -wire  system. 

For  the  alternating- current  system  the 
appliances  and  connections  shall  be  such 
as  will  permit  the  operation  of  any  dy- 
namo on  any  circuit  or  number  of  cir- 
cuits, and  the  cutting  in  or  out  of  any  dy- 


84  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

namo  or  circuit  with  certainty  and  rapid- 
ity, without  in  any  manner  affecting  the 
operation  of  other  dynamos  or  circuits 
(and  such  that  it  will  be  possible  to  con- 
nect two  dynamos  together  by  an 
arrangement  of  switches  or  combination 
of  circuits.)  (For  switchboard  connec- 
tions see  sees.  30  and  31,  pp.  55  and  56. 

64.  circuits.      (See  p.  57,  sec.  32.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  85 

•    * 


Series  Arc  System,  Direct  or  Alternating 
Current. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  un- 
less otherwise  specified,  install  the  fol- 
lowing apparatus  and  material: 

-  arc  light  dynamo(s)  (each)  hav-  65- 
ing  a  capacity  of  -   — ,  -    -  c.  p.,  -    -  am- 
pere, -     -  volt  arc  lamps. 

Each  dynamo  shall  be  provided  with  a 
regulator  which  shall  automatically  make 
the  proper  adjustments  for  all  changes  of 
load  from  no  load  to  full  load,  the  adjust- 
ments to  be  made  in  such  a  way  as  not  to 
endanger  any  part  of  the  dynamo,  appli- 
ances or  lamps,  nor  to  cause  any  percep- 
tible change  in  the  balance  remaining  in 
operation;  shall  be  of  the  latest  and  most 
efficient  pattern;  mounted  on  a  base  pro- 
vided with  an  adjustable  belt -tightener, 
so  that  the  belt  may  be  tightened  while  in 
operation;  capable  of  operating  under  full 


86  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

load  for consecutive  hours  without 

increasing  the  temperature  of  any  part, 
especially  the  armature,  fields,  and  com- 
mutator, to  such  a  degree  as  to  endanger 
the  insulation  or  decrease  the  efficiency 
of  operation;  shall  have  an  insulation  re- 
sistance of  not  less  than  -     -  ohms  be- 
tween all  parts  insulated  from  each  other; 
shall  be  adapted  to  operate  at  such  speed 
as  will  allow  the  use  of  high-speed,   auto- 
matic-cut -off  engines  belted  direct;  shall 
be     provided    with    efficient   oiling  de- 
vices; the  armature  shall    be  balanced 
both  electrically  and  magnetically  so  that 
there  will  be  no  tendency  to  spring  the 
shaft    or  to  draw  the  armature  toward 
either  bearing  so  as  to  cause  excessive 
friction  and  heating,  and  no  vibration; 
especial  attention  shall  be  given  the  insu- 
lation, protection  and  separation  of  con- 
tacts, binding  posts    and  bared  surfaces 
having  extreme  differences  of  potential 
in  order  to  minimize  the  danger  of  acci- 
dental shocks,  crosses,  or  grounds  under 
normal  conditions  of  operation;  the  dy- 


lions* 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  87 

namo(s)  shall  be  so  designed  and  automat- 
ically regulated  that  the  power  will  be 
automatically  proportioned  to  the  num- 
ber of  lamps  burning  at  any  time. 


(See  p.  61,  sec.  34.)  eo. 

(See  Note:  p.  48,  sec.  23.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dy- 
namo, in  addition  to  the  automatic  regu- 
lator required  above,  one  ampere  meter 
for  indicating  the  current  supplied  by  the 
dynamo  and  graduated  to  read  amperes  ; 
one  brush  jig  for  trimming  the  brushes; 
one  insulating  baseframe,  provided  with 
rails  and  a  suitable  device  for  shifting  the 
position  of  the  dynamo  to  alter  the  belt 
tension;  one  main  switch;  one  pair  of 
lightning  arresters;  and  for  the  general 
installation  one  testing  set  capable  of 
measuring  up  to  -  ohms. 


(See  p.  63,  sec.  36.) 
There  shall  be  provided 


88  ELECTRIC    LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

I  single  carbon      ) 

-  •<  double  carbon    > 

(  triple  carbon      ) 

arc  lamps  of  -  nominal  candle-power. 
Each  lamp  shall  be  provided  with  a 
switch  by  which  it  may  be  cut  in  or  out 
of  circuit;  shall  be  regular  in  its  feeding 
action;  shall  be  free  from  hissing,  nicker- 
ing or  flaming  when  provided  with  proper 
carbons;  shall  contain  an  efficient  device 
which  shall  automatically  cut  out  a  lamp 
for  any  reason  defective,  without  inter- 
fering with  the  operation  of  the  lamps  re- 
maining in  circuit;  and  shall  be  simple, 
strong,  and  durable  in  its  mechanical  con- 
struction. 


-  hanger  boards  for  inside  use,  each 
hanger  board  to  contain  a  switch  by  which 
the  lamp  may  be  cut  entirely  out  of  cir- 
cuit. 


7i.  Hoods.       waterproof  hoods,  complete  with 

(  hanger  boards  for  outside  use  } 

-<  out- rigger  attachments 

(  cross -suspension  attachments  ) 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

f  clear  glass    ] 

full  ground 
-^  half  ground  ^globes. 

opal 
[  colored,  etc.  J 

-  wire -gauze  spark  arresters,  and 

Nets. 

-  wire  globe  nets. 


sets  of  carbons,  a  set  consisting  74-  Carbons- 


of  one  upper  and  one  lower  carbon. 


~-   N  75.    Starting 

(Seep.  51,   SeC.  25.)  Plantandln- 


oi  r  -i  oc  \  76.    Renewal 

(See  p.  51,  sec.  2o.)  parts. 

(See  Note:  p.  52,  sec.  27.)  ™  summary. 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely 
the  following  summary: 
Number  of  dynamos      .... 
Trade  number  or  designation    .     .  - 

Rating  in  volts 

Eating  in  amperes 

Capacity  in  -    -  c.  p.  lamps     .     . 
Series  or  shunt  wound    .     ,     .     . 
H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at 
pulley  at  full  load 


90  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

SWITCHBOARD    APPARATUS  AND    CONNECTIONS. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect 
the  following  apparatus  and  material  : 


5>arf  comi~  ^ne  combination  (material)  switchboard 
plete>  with  a  capacity  for  -  circuits,  and  pro- 
vided with  the  necessary  sockets,  plugs, 
main  and  transfer  cables,  testing  connec- 
tions, and  a  suitable  and  convenient  de- 
vice for  holding  cables  not  in  use.  It 
shall  be  so  arranged  and  marked  that  any 
circuit  or  series  of  circuits  may  be  quick- 
ly connected  with  or  disconnected  from 
any  dynamo  with  the  least  possible  dan- 
ger of  short-circuits  or  error.  Sockets 
shall  be  so  designed  that  it  is  practically 
impossible  to  short-circuit,  ground  or 
receive  a  shock  from  them.  All  connec- 
tions with  the  dynamo  leads  shall  be 
easily  accessible.  All  wires  used  in 
making  connections  shall  have  --  in- 
sulation. All  plugs  shall  have  well  in- 
sulated wooden  handles  and  the  cables 
shall  be  covered  with  soft-rubber  tubing 


ELECTKIC   LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  91 

or  equivalent  as,an  extra  precaution.    All 
cables  shall  be  of  stranded  wire. 

All  joints  shall  be  soldered.  All  con- 
nections to  switches,  cut-outs,  etc.,  shall 
be  soldered  or  made  with  an  approved 
form  of  lug  or  set-  screw,  in  all  cases  care 
being  taken  to  secure  good  and  sufficient 
contact  to  prevent  heating  and  insure 
permanency;  when  made  with  lugs  or  set- 
screws  they  shall  be  in  plain  sight  and 
easily  accessible  for  tightening.  Con- 
necting wires  shall  be  so  run  and  secured 
that  crosses  or  grounds  are  impossible  in 
the  normal  operation  of  the  plant. 

FIXTURES,  ETC. 


(Note.  —  No  set  specification  can  be  made  ™- 
for  fixtures  and  shades;  their  character 
must  be  determined  wholly  from  individ- 
ual requirements.     See  schedule,  p.  136). 


This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  de-  so.  Lamps. 
liver  at  -  the  following  number,  sizes, 
and  kinds  of  incandescent  lamps: 


92 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


taoies. 


Number.  C.  p.   ["Voltage.      f  Plain. 

-  I  Amperage  |  Frosted. 
etc.        etc.  1  ---  •{  Colored,  etc. 
etc. 

[         etc. 

stating,  also,  their  make  and  the  make  of 
the  socket  for  which  they  are  adapted. 

Lamps  shall  be  guaranteed  to  have  an 
average  life  of  not  less  than  -  hours  if 
burned  at  their  normal  voltage.  They 
shall  burn  with  a  white  light  and  shall  not 
blacken  under  proper  use.  All  lamps  giv- 
ing out  or  proving  defective  during  the  trial 
period  of  -  days  under  normal  and  prop- 
er use  shall  be  replaced  without  charge. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  de- 
|-  yer  a^.  _  _  ^.ne  f0iiowin  numbers  and 


kinds  of  sockets  and  receptacles: 
Number.        Kind.        Finish. 


etc.  etc.  etc. 

82.  Meters.       This  contractor  shall  furnish  and 

Bowing  num- 


bers  and  sizes  of  the 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  93 

(  watt  meter,     * 

K  recording  ampere  meter, 

(  current  counter. 

Number.    Capacity   in    Two  or  three 
amperes.  wire. 

etc.  etc.  etc. 


94  ELECTKIC    LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


INTERIOR  WIRING. 

Alternating  or  Direct   Current,  Two-  Wire 
System. 

83.  outlets      The  building  shall  be  wired  to  - 

and  Lights. 

lamp  outlets,  -  switch  outlets,  (and 
_  meter  outlets)  for  the  equivalent  of 
-  ,  -  ampere,  --  volt  lamps.  The 
wiring  shall  be  (to  outlets  only)  (except 
for  cut-outs  and  switches;  cut-outs  and 
switches  shall  be  furnished  and  installed 
complete).  At  each  outlet  the  loose  wire 
shall  be  neatly  coiled  and  the  ends  care- 
fully taped. 


system.       ^11    wiring  shall  be  for  the  parallel 
two-wire  system  of  distribution. 


The  fall  of  potential  between  the 
switchboard  (centre  of  distribution)  and 
the  (farthest  lamp)  shall  not  exceed  at 


ELECTRIC   LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS.  95 

load p§r  cent,   of    the    initial 

pressure;  this  difference  to  be  divided  as 

follows:  |  filers   ["     "  per  cent"  mains 
per  cent.,  taps per  cent. 

All  wire  used  throughout  the  installa-  8«-  insulation, 
tion  shall  be  insulated  with . 


Each  j  Jke^fer    1  main»    and    taP    sha11  "LS^S.011 
test  out  with  an  insulation  resistance  of 
at  least ohms. 


From  the  switchboard  (or  centre  of  dis-  ss.  subdivi- 
sion of 

(  TM  core  \        (Risers   \ 

i  risers,  ^          i     {pe«dersf 

tribution)   -<  groups      of    risers,  V 

( feeders,  ) 

shall  be  carried  to  the  following  points: 

(  Riser      )  (  riser      i 

-<  Group    >No.  1  to , -<  group    >No.  2 

(  Feeder  )  (  feeder  ) 

to ,  etc. 

( Riser      ) 

x  Group    VNo.  1  shall  feed  all  lights  (lo- 

(  Feeder  ) 


96  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


I  riser      ) 

cation),   -<  group    V No.  2  shall;  feed,  etc. 
f  feeder  \ 


o.  Location      From  the  switchboard  (or  centre  of  dis- 

f  Risers     )  , 

BrsJ    tribution)  the  *      [  shall  be  carried 


f  under  cleats, 

I  on  insulators,  _    and  thence 

j  in  moulding, 

[in  conduit,  etc.,  J 

upward  in  (channels,  wooden  conduits, 
elevator  shaft,  air  shaft,  etc.,  with  loca- 
tion) to  their  respective  cut-out  boxes. 


90.    Mains   (If 


(If  (  ri^Pr         ) 

*.    From  the    feeder     cut-out  boxes  mams 


ary  distribu- 

tionboxes)-  f  under  cleats, 


shall  be  carried  > 

{  in  conduit,  etc.  , 
secondary  cut-out  boxes  where  all  tap 

lines  shall  centre.  From  j  f^er  [  No.  1 
shall  be  carried  -  mains  terminating  at 
—  :fromj  feeder  [NO.  2,  etc. 

9i.  Taps.         (Note.  —  In  certain  cases  it  is  advisable 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  97 


* 


to  run  the  circuits  in  such  a  manner  that 
no  room  shall  be  dependent  on  one  cir- 
cuit only;  if  so  desired  it  should  be  add- 
ed under  this  heading.) 

(  riser      ) 

From  the  -<  feeder  >  cut-out  boxes    dis- 
( main     ) 

tributing    circuits    shall  be  run  to  the 
various  outlets  as  specified  in  the  sched- 
ule    and    located  on    the  plans.      The 
(under  cleats, 
in  conduit,  etc., 
such  a  manner  that  the  highest   possi- 
ble insulation  shall  be  maintained  under 
all  circumstances. 

Except  in  case  of  single  outlets  for  a 
group  of  lamps  and  circuits  specifically 
mentioned  no  distributing  circuit  shall 
carry  over  -  -  amperes.  Distributing 
circuits  shall  be  of  one  size  of  wire 
throughout  their  entire  length. 

Throughout  the  installation  joints  shall  92-  Joints- 
be  avoided  where  possible;  where  abso- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

lutely  necessary  they  must  be  made  me- 
chanically strong  and  secure,  carefully 
soldered,  wiped  free  from  any  moisture 
and  excess  of  flux  and  so  taped  and  com- 
pounded that  the  insulation  of  the  joints 
shall  be  equal  to  the  original  insulation; 
the  solder  shall  be  relied  on  ^only  to  give 
a  good  electrical  connection. 

(Note. — A  complete  description  of  the 
cabmets.  ^^^3  should  be  given  covering  mate- 
rial, doors,  hinges,  locks,  finish,  etc. ;  also 
stating  what  parts,  if  any,  will  be  fur- 
nished by  other  contractors,  specifying 
what  switches  are  to  be  placed  in  the 
cabinets,  and  locating  and  describing  cabi- 
nets for  switches  alone  if  such  are  to 
be  provided;  if  name  plates  are  to  be  fur- 
nished so  specify  and  describe.) 

The  terminals  of  all  j  ™e^g   |  mains 

and  taps  shall  be  brought  together  in 
cabinets  at  the  points  designated  in  this 
specification  and  on  the  plans.  (If  wiring 
contractor  does  not  furnish  cut-outs  and 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  9( 

switches,    add:  «The    terminals    of    the 

|  feeders,  f  mains  and  taps  sha11  be 
brought  into  these  cabinets  in  such  a 
way  as  to  permit  the  easy  and  convenient 
insertion  and  connection  of  the  cut-outs 
and  switches  specified.) 

)/ 

A  cut-out  shall  be   provided  for  each  94-  cut-outs. 

branch  circuit.  All  cut-outs  shall  be 
double-pole,  mounted  on  incombustible 
bases,  and  with  connections  of  such  size 
and  shape  as  to  afford  ample  contact  sur- 
face for  both  conductors  and  fuses. 


No  fuses  shall  be  put  in  the  cut-outs  95. 
except  by  special  order,  but  a  complete 
supply,  consisting  of  not  less  than  - 
sets  for  each  cut-out,  shall  be  provided. 
These  fuses  shall  be  of  the  plug  type  or 
furnished  with  metal  tips  and  shall  have 
their  capacity  plainly  marked  upon  them. 


For    the    number     and     capacity    of  96  switches, 
switches  see  the  attached  schedule. 


100  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

All  switches  shall  be  double-pole, 
mounted  on  incombustible  bases,  with 
automatic  make  and  break,  the  switch 
being  merely  set  at  the  point  of  making 
and  breaking  by  the  operator,  and  with 
sliding  contacts.  The  capacity  of  each 
switch  shall  be  plainly  marked  upon  it 

and  shall  not  be  less  than per 

c.  p.  lamp  controlled. 

97suFiXrtse       Where  no  fixture  support  is  provided 
this    contractor    shall    furnish    for    all 

S1  'lino1  (  ou^e^s  a  suitable  support  con- 
sisting of  a  wooden  block  firmly  fastened 
to  the  wall  flush  with  the  plaster,  and  of 
sufficient  dimensions  to  securely  bold  the 
fixture,  a  piece  of  gas-pipe  securely  an- 
chored by  means  of  an  iron  plate;  or  such 
other  device  as  shall  be  best  adapted  to 
the  construction  of  the  building  and  the 
character  of  the  fixture  to  be  installed 
in  each  particular  location. 

(Specify  approximate  number  required.) 

98.  Meter  Out-    At  the  places  located  in  the  schedule 

Jots* 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  101 

and  on  the  plans,  meter  outlets  shall  be 
run  (and  a  support  for  each  meter  pro- 
vided  consisting  of  -  securely  fastened 
to  the  wall). 


Each  elevator  is  to  be  provided  with 
-  ,  -  c.  p.  lamp(s).  Each  elevator 
shall  be  on  its  own  cut-out  and  circuit 
which  shall  be  run  from  the  distribution 
box  at  (location).  The  wiring  shall  in- 
clude the  wiring  of  the  elevator  car,  all 
necessary  cables  and  the  connection  with 
its  outlet.  The  cables  shall  be  well  in- 
sulated, flexible  and  properly  protected 
from  abrasion. 


The  molding  used  in  the  places  speci-  100.  Molding. 
fied  above  shall  be  of  -    —  ,  and  finished 

On  all  outside  walls,  bare.brick  or  stone 
walls,  etc.,  it  shall  consist  of  a  backing 
and  capping. 

While  the  schedule  is  intended  to  rep-  10 
resent  very  closely  the  number  of  lights       tlon8' 


102  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

and  outlets  to  be  wired  to,  yet,  as  some 
changes  may  become  necessary  during 
the  process  of  construction,  each  bidder 
shall  name  in  his  proposal  a  price  to  be 
added  to  or  deducted  from  the  contract 
price  for  each  light  or  outlet  wired  for  in 
excess  of  the  number  specified,  or  which 
shall  be  cancelled,  provided  such  addition 
or  cancellation  involves  no  change  in  the 
work  already  completed  and  shall  be 
along  the  lines  of  existing  circuits. 

102ti0In.stnic"  (Note.— It  may  be  desirable  that  the 
purchaser  furnish  one  man  to  work  un- 
der the  contractor  in  order  that  he  may 
have  a  man  thoroughly  familiar  with  all 
the  details  of  the  construction;  the  con- 
tractor to  give  such  instruction  as  will  en- 
able him  to  acquire  a  thorough  and  intel- 
ligent knowledge  of  methods,  appliances, 
location  of  circuits,  etc.) 

10e3f  iiStSSSf  (Note.— To  be  inserted  if  this  contract- 
or is  to  complete  the  wiring,  including 
the  attachment  of  lamps  and  sockets.) 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  103 

This  contractor  shall  hang  all  fixtures, 
including  the  assembling  and  wiring  of 
the  fixtures  (unless  provided  for  under 
Fixtures),  the  attaching  of  sockets,  lamps 
and  shades,  and  the  connection  with  the 
ends  of  the  taps. 

Insulating    joints    will    be    furnished, 
where  required,  by  the  fixture  contractor 
but  this  contractor  shall  furnish  and  con- 
nect a  suitable  cut-out  for  each  outlet, 
protecting  both  sides  of  the  circuit. 


This  contractor  shall  attach  -  sockets 
by  means  of  a  (suitable  gas  attachment) 
to  the  (gas)  fixtures  already  in  place.  Place* 
These  fixtures  shall  be  properly  insulat- 
ed and  shall  be  wired  in  the  following 
manner:  --  ,  with  -  .  At  each 
outlet  a  suitable  cut-out  shall  be  pro- 
vided protecting  both  sides  of  the  circuit. 
In  each  socket  the  proper  lamp  shall  be 
placed  and  all  shades  shall  be  attached. 


Sockets  and  lamps  shall  be  suspended 
by  means  of  -  pendants  from  the  ceil-  and  Lamps> 


104  ELECTRIC    LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

ing.  Each  pendant  to  be  — —  in  length, 
(provided  with  a  cord  adjuster)  and  pro- 
tected by  a  double -pole  ceiling  cut-out. 
Both  at  the  cut-out  and  in  the  socket  the 
cord  shall  be  knotted  so  that  in  no  case 
will  the  weight  come  on  the  binding 
screws.  Where  the  cord  passes  through 
the  neck  of  the  socket  it  shall  be  protect- 
ed by  a  bushing.  In  each  socket 

the  proper  lamp  shall  be  placed  and  all 
shades  shall  be  attached. 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  105 


TJiree-  Wire  System. 

This  specification  is  identical  with  the 
two-  wire  specification,  except  in  "  Sys- 
tem," p.  94,  sec.  84,  in  place  of  which  in- 
sert the  following: 


All  j  fgg^|rs   [  and  mains  shall  be  fig-  ioe.  system. 


ured  on  the  basis  of  the  three  -wire  sys- 
tem, but  the  distribution  circuits  shall 
consist  of  two  wires  only  except  to  out- 
lets for  a  group  of  -  —  ,  -  -  c.  p.,  lamps 
or  more,  and  for  special  circuits  specific- 
ally mentioned.  Care  shall  be  taken  in 
arranging  the  distribution  circuits  to  have 
the  same  number  of  lamps  on  each  side  of 
the  system  and  that  no  circuit  shall  be 
connected  across  the  outside  wires.  The 
neutral  wire  shall  in  all  cases  be  proper- 
ly tagged  and  shall  be  run  between  the 
outside  wires. 


106  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 


Three-Wire  System  Adapted  to  the  Two- 
Wire  System. 

This  specification  is  identical  with  the 
two-  wire  specification,  except  in  "  Sys- 
tem, "p.  94,  sec.  84,  in  place  of  which  in- 
sert the  following: 


107.  system.      All  \  ™^J.g  [  and  mains  shall  consist 

of  three  wires,  but  the  neutral  wire  shall 
consist  of  two  wires  each  equal  in 
cross  -section  to  the  outside  wires,  or 
of  one  wire  equal  in  cross  -section  to  the 
outside  wires  combined,  in  order  that  if 
desired  all  lights  may  be  operated  on  the 
two-  wire  system;  if  two  neutral  wires  are 
run  they  shall  be  permanently  connected 
at  each  cut-out  box.  All  distribution 
circuits  shall  consist  of  two  wires  only 
except  to  outlets  for  a  group  of  -  ,  - 
c.  p.,  lamps  or  more,  and  for  special  cir- 
cuits specifically  mentioned.  In  all  three- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  107 

wire  distributioif  circuits  the  neutral  shall 
be  equal  in  cross-section  to  the  two  out- 
side wires  combined.  Care  shall  be  taken 
in  arranging  the  distribution  circuits  to 
have  the  same  number  of  lamps  on  each 
side  of  the  system  and  that  no  circuit 
shall  be  connected  across  the  outside 
wires  or  between  the  neutral  wires.  The 
neutral  shall  in  all  cases  be  properly 
tagged  and  shall  be  run  between  the  out- 
side wires. 


108  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Arc  System. 

IDS.  circuits.  The  lights  shall  be  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing circuits: 

Circuit  No.  1  (Number  of  lights  and 
location.) 

Circuit  No.  2  (Number  of  lights  and 
location),  etc. 


lion  oi'wiJt  All  wire  used  in  the  installation  shall 
be  insulated  with  -  -  for  inside  circuits, 
and  with  -  for  outside  circuits. 


Each  circuit  shall  test  out  with  an  in- 
sulation resistance  of  at  least  --  ohms. 

in.  joints.      gee  p.  97  9  sec.  92. 

interior  wires  shall  be  run 


the  highest  possible  insulation  is  obtained. 
All  wiring  shall  be  neat  in  its  mechanical 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  109 

appearance    aiM    arrangement.    All  ex- 
terior wires  shall  be  run . 


In  the  interior  of  (the)  building(s)  the  us. 
lamps  specified  shall  be  suspended  from 

-  securely  fastened  to  the  ceiling  (and 
provided  with  a  suitable  device  for  raising 
and  lowering).  On  the  exterior  of  (the) 
building(s)  the  lamps  specified  shall  be 
suspended  from  -  — ,  securely  attached  to 

— ,  (and  provided  with  a  suitable  device 
for  raising  and  lowering). 

(Add  details  concerning  any  posts, 
pole-steps,  ornamental  treatment  desired, 
etc.) 


110  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


• 


Conduit  System.   Two-  Wire. 

114wLJieng°dof    The  building  shall  be  wired  according 
to  the  system  of  -     -  and  using  the  - 
conduit  manufactured  by . 


115an4?.pli"  All  appliances  employed  shall  be  such 
as  are  especially  adapted  for  use  in  con- 
junction with  the  conduit  system. 


All  conduits  shall  be  placed  in  position 
i  the    plastering    is    done,    and 


shall  be  firmly  secured  j 


and  ceilings. 

11opefienallsng  After  the  tubes  are  installed  all  open- 
ings in  walls  and  floors  shall  be  sealed  so 
that  it  shall  be  impossible,  in  the  event  of 
fire,  for  smoke  or  flame  to  pass  from  one 
floor  to  another  or  from  one  room  to  an- 
other about  the  tubes, 


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  Ill 

(See  p.  94,  secf.  83.)  ^  Light6*.8 

(Seep.  94,  sec.  84.)  119'  Syst*m' 

(See  p.  94,  sec.  85.)  *%£££$? 

All  single  conductors  shall  be  insulated  121'tiJn.9ular" 
with  -   — .     All   duplex  conductors  shall 
be    insulated    with .     Duplex    con- 
ductors and  all  single  conductors  larger 

than  j  J*-  *^L   ^  j-          -  shall   be 

stranded. 


(See  p.  95,  sec.  87.)  122.  insula- 

tion Resist- 
ance. 

From  the  switchboard  (or  centre  of  dis-  ^J^ 

(   rJQprq  \  -IS180/8    \ 

\  ilbeib  I  (Feeders)  . 

tribution)  —    -<  groups  of  risers   >-   shall 
(  feeders  \ 

be    carried    to    the     following     points: 

(  Riser       )  (  riser]     ) 

-<  Group      >No.  1  to  -  ,  •<  group    >-  No. 

(  Feeder    )  (  feeder  ) 

2  to  -   -,  etc. 


Every  conductor  in  each 


112  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


rser, 

~  groups  of  risers,  >-and  main     shall    be 
(  feeder,  ) 

provided  with  an  independent  tube. 

(  Riser     ) 

-<  Group   >-  No.  I  shall  feed  all  lights  (lo- 

/  Feeder  \ 


( riser     ) 

group  > 
feeder  ) 


cation),     -<  group  [-No.  2  shall  feed,  etc. 
/  fee  " 


i24.  Location     From  the  \  ^itchboard  ) 

Rigof.B  j  centre  of  distribution  ( 

1  Feeders  J  .    (  ric/iT,ci       ) 

/  feeders  [  sha11  be  carried  to  ~  "  and 
thence  upward  in  (channels,  elevator 
shaft,  etc.,  with  location)  to  their  respect- 
ive junction  boxes. 


125.  Mains  (n  From  the   |  JS         r     junction     boxes, 

taps  terrain-  /   leeCler    \ 


ate    in    sec- 

tinonaboxe18"c"mams  sna^  be  carried  to  secondary  junc- 
tion boxes  where  all  tap  lines  shall  centre. 


(  rjger       I 

From  -j  P     n       [  No.  1    shall  be  carried 
(  •Lemuel   ) 

—  mains    terminating    at ;  from 

1Ser[No.2;et, 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  113 

(Note.  —  In  ceptain  cases  it  is  advisable  126-  Taps* 
to  run  the  circuits  in  such  a  manner  that 
no  room  shall  be  dependent  on  one  cir- 
cuit only;    if   so  desired,  it  should  be 
added  under  this  heading.) 

(  riser     ) 

From  the  -<  feeder  >-  junction  boxes  dis- 
(  main    ) 

tributing  circuits  shall  be  run  to  the  vari- 
ous outlets  as  specified  in  the  schedule 
and  located  on  the  plans.  For  all  taps 
duplex  conductor  requiring  but  one  tube 
may  be  employed  provided  the  current 
required  does  not  exceed  -  -  amperes. 


The    terminals  of  all  the  j 

mains  and  taps  shall  be  brought  together 
in  junction  boxes  at  the  points  designated 
in  this  specification  and  on  the  plans  [and 
connected  with  their  respective  cut-outs 
and  switches;  (unless  the  wiring  contractor 
does  not  furnish  cut-outs  and  switches, 
in  which  case  add,  in  such  a  way  as  to 
permit  the  easy  and  convenient  insertion 
of  the  cut-outs  and  switches  specified.)]. 


114  ELECTRIC    LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS. 

128.  cut-outs.    (See  p.   99,   sec.  94.) 

129.  Fuses.       (See  p.   99,   sec.  95.) 

130.  switches.    (See  p.  99,    sec.  96.) 

13siP5?teure  Where  no  gas  pipe  or  other  support 
for  the  fixture  exists,  the  special  form  of 
terminal  box  designed  to  furnish  such 
support  shall  be  employed  and  shall  be 
substantially  fixed  to  a  suitable  founda- 
tion in  the  ceiling  or  wall. 

132TubSe80f  All  tubes  shall  be  of  sufficient  size  to 
allow  the  wires  t-o  be  readily  drawn  in, 
withdrawn  and  reinserted  at  will. 

133.  Fasten-     Tubes,  whether   concealed  or   on  the 

ings. 

surface,  should  be  held  in  place  by  the 
fastenings  especially  designed  for  use 
with  this  conduit. 

134.  joints.       The  tubes  shall  be  cut  squarely,  reamed 

out  smoothly,  and  the  ends  joined  by  the 
use  of  the  coupling  designed  for  that 
purpose. 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  115 

Where  more  tfian  three  elbows  are  un-  Limitation? 
avoidable  an  intersection  box  shall  be  in- 
serted to  relieve  both  the  wires  and  the 
tubes  of  strain  when  the  wires  are  being 
drawn  in. 

All  tubes  shall  emerge  at  outlets    in  136-  outlets, 
terminal    boxes     leaving    the  outlets  so 
protected    as  not  to  be  injured  by  the 
plasterers. 

To  guard  against  mechanical  injury  and  ^rk  ^°°h 
the  destructive  action  of  cement  all  floor    aram£rreId 

Conduit. 

conduits  shall  be  made  of  double  tube, 
one  telescoped  within  the  other,  and  both 
the  outer  and  inner  tubes  joined  in  the 
usual  manner.  The  outer  tube  shall,  in 
the  case  of  contact  with  cement,  be  alkali 
proof.  As  a  further  protection  floor 
tubes  shall  be  covered,  during  construc- 
tion, with  a  light  board.  Such  other 
precautions  shall  be  taken  to  insure  the 
safety  of  the  tubes  as  the  character  of 
the  building  and  work  require. 

Each  side  of  circuits  carrying  more  than  {?08n  Of  e$?^ 


116  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

amperes  shall  be  run  in  a  separate 

tube.  Wires  forming  parts  of  two  dis- 
tinct circuits  shall  in  no  case  be  inclosed 
in  the  same  tube. 


(See  p.   100  ,  sec,  98.) 
14Lightse.vator    (Seep.   101  ,  sec. 99.) 
(See  p.   101  ,  sec. 


tions. 

142<tionI!8truc~    (Seep.  102  ,  sec.  102.) 
(Seep.   102  ,  sec.  103.) 


144.        Wiring 

(Seep.  103  ,  sec.  104.) 


ures  Already  in 
Place. 


&    (^ep.  103  ,  sec.  105.) 

and  Lamps. 


(^G  P-     105  ' 

147.      Three- 

(SeeP-  106,  sec.  107.) 


System, 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  117 


Interior  Wiring  for  Central  Station  Plants. 

This  specification  contemplates  the 
complete  installation  of  -  — ,  -  -  c.  p. ,  in- 
candescent lamps  located  in  blocks  as 
designated  on  the  plans  hereto  attached 
and  made  a  part  of  this  specification. 

(See  p.   91  ,  sec.  79.)  149-  Fixtures, 

(See  p.  91  ,  sec.  80.)  15°-  LamP8- 

(Seep.  92  ,  sec.  81.)  151-   Sockets- 

(Note. — Specif y  whether  bids  for  two-  152«  system, 
wire    direct-current    systems   only,    for 
three-wire    direct- current,    for  two-wire 
alternating  current,    or  for  any   system 
will  be  considered.) 

The  fall  of  potential  between  the  serv- 
ice  cut-out  and  the  most  distant  lamp 
in  any    building  shall  not  exceed  - 
per  cent. 


118  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

154'tkm?ula~      All  wires  used  inside  of  buildings  shall 
be  insulated  with  -  . 

(  open  cleat  ) 

^thJwork?     All  wiring  shall  be  •<  molding      V  work, 

f  conduit       ) 

neat  in  its  mechanical  appearance  and  ar- 
rangement. 

156.  circuits.  ^0  distributing  circuit  shall  carry  more 
than  -  amperes.  In  buildings  requir- 
ing a  greater  supply  of  current  the  lights 
shall  be  divided  into  circuits;  these  cir- 
cuits shall  be  brought  together  at  con- 
venient and  accessible  centres  of  distribu- 
tion where  all  branch  cut-outs  shall  be 
placed. 


in7d  sSitSs!      Each  branch  circuit  shall  be  provided 

with  a  double-pole  cut-out.   The  switches 

specified  below  shall  be  furnished  and  in- 

stalled   All  cut-outs  and  switches  shall 

be  mounted  on  incombustible  bases. 

(List  of  numbers  and  sizes  of  switches.) 

158.    Meters.        (gee  p>  92>  SeC.  82.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  119 

(All)  lamps  •  shall  be  suspended  with  159-8iosnU80pfen' 
flexible  cord  pendants  from  double-pole 
ceiling  cut-outs,  the  average  length  of  the 

pendants  to  be .     This  contractor  is 

to  furnish  all  necessary  -  —  cord,  ceiling 
cut-outs  and  socket  bushings.  In  both 
cut-outs  and  sockets  the  cord  shall  be 
knotted  so  that  no  weight  shall  come  on 
the  binding  screws. 


(See  p.  101,  sec.  100.)  16°-  Moldin*- 

(See  p.  101,  sec.  101.)  ^i^SSSK1 

tiona. 

(See  p.  102,  sec.  102.)  162>tiJn.8truc~ 


(See  p.  102,  sec.  103.) 

(May  require  slight  modification.) 

164.       Wiring 

(Seep.  103,  sec.  104.)  fc'JsS 

(May  require  slight  modification.)  aireadyturfn 

Place. 


120  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


POLE  LINES. 

Low    Potential — Direct-  Current   System — 
Two  or  Three-  Wire. 

IBS.  Fran.       (The  purchaser)  shall  secure  all  fran- 
chises and 
Permits,     chises,  rights  of  way,  and  permits  from  the 

authorities    and  abutting  proper  ty- 

owners  for  the  erection  and  guying  of  poles 
and  stringing  of  wires  along  the  routes 
on  the  map  hereto  attached  and  made  a 
part  of  this  specification,  shall  make  all 
necessary  arrangements  with  cpmpanies 
already  having  pole  lines  on  any  part  of 
the  same  route  for  crossing,  raising,  lower- 
ing or  otherwise  moving  their  wires,  and 
for  using,  moving  or  changing  their  poles, 
cross-arms,  etc.;  shall  do  all  necessary 
trimming  of  trees;  and  in  every  reason- 
able way  shall  secure  and  furnish  facili- 
ties for  the  uninterrupted  continuance  of 
the  work  to  its  completion. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  121' 

The  lights  shaft  be  supplied  by  circuits  ^cSJ&X11 
divided  as  follows:  -  — ,  etc. 

All    circuits    shall    be    controlled    by  1876oS££ of 
switches  placed  (location.) 

The    pole  line  shall  be  composed  of  168>  Pole8' 

straight,  select,  shaved poles,  sound 

and  free  from  shakes,  checks  or  large 
knots;  poles  subject  to  extra  strain  shall 
be  specially  selected  and  of  ample  strength 
to  bear  the  strain. 

All    poles    must  be  set  of  their  ie».  setting 

and  Guying. 

length  in  the  ground  and  solidly  tamped, 
must  measure  not  less  than  -  —  in 
diameter  at  the  top,  and  the  distance  from 
the  ground  line  to  the  lowest  cross-arm 
shall  be  not  less  than  -  — .  Corner,  ter- 
minal and  other  poles  subject  to  extra 
strain  shall  be  securely  guyed  wherever 
possible;  where  impossible  to  guy  them 
they  shall  be  set  with  such  rake  and  to 
such  extra  depth  that  the  strain  shall  .not 
pull  them  beyond  the  vertical  position, 


122  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

allowance  being    made  for  the  action  of 
water  and  frost. 

170.  Distances.      NO  two  consecutive  poles  shall  be  set 

at  a  greater  distance  apart  than  —       ex- 
cept   by    special  permission  from  -   —  , 
and  all  poles  carrying  heavy  feeders  or 
mains  shall  be  set  not  more  than  — 
apart. 

171.  painting.       (As  desired.) 


17c2^lnrmsnd  Gains  shall  be  carefully  cut  so  that 
the  cross-arms  make  a  snug  fit  and  stand 
at  right  angles  to  the  pole. 

Cross-arms  shall  be  of  -  ,  thoroughly 
seasoned,  sound  and  free  from  large 
knots;  painted  -  ;  the  vertical  distance 
between  cross-arms  shall  not  be  less  than 
-  .  Double  cross-arms  must  be  placed 
on  terminal  poles  and  corner  poles  carry- 
ing wires  larger  than  -  ]  B  W  f  [' 
At  all  corners  making  an  angle  greater 
than  -  two  sets  of  cross-arms  shall  be 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  123 

used  placed  at  the  proper  angle  to  each 
other. 


Pins  shall  be  of  selected  -  ,  shall  fit 
closely  in  the  cross-arms  and  be  nailed  in 
place. 

Insulators  shall  be  of  glass,  -  pat- 
tern, and  of  a  size  suitable  for  the  wire 
they  are  to  hold. 


All  poles  on  which  cut-outs  are  placed  174-  steP8- 
shall  be  stepped. 

(Note.  —  Specify    character    of  soil,  as    175.  son. 
loam,   sand,    etc.;    also    whether    rock, 
marsh  land,   quicksands,  etc.,  requiring 
special  work.) 


All  feeder,  main  and    pressure  wires  176- 


ice  wires  shall  be  insulated  with  -  . 

All  wires  shall  be  so  handled  as  to 
avoid  kinking;  wagons,  drays,  etc.,  shall 
not  be  allowed  to  drive  over  them;  they 


124  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

shall  not  be  dragged  along  the  ground, 
over  cross-arms  or  through  trees  in  such 
a  way  as  to  injure  the  insulation;  and 
shall  not  be  allowed  to  sag  unduly  be- 
tween supports,  allowance  being  made  for 
expansion  and  contraction  with  changes 
of  temperature.  All  necessary  and  proper 
precautions  shall  be  taken  in  passing 
over,  through  or  near  buildings  of  every 
description,  through  trees,  crossing  other 
lines,  turning  corners,  etc. 

Pressure  wires  shall  be  carried  from 
the  (switchboard)  to  each  centre  of  dis- 
tribution unless  such  centres  are  connect- 
ed by  an  equalizing  main,  in  which  case 
the  pressure  wires  shall  be  carried  to  a 
point  on  the  equalizing  main  electrically 
equidistant  from  the  centres  of  distribu= 
tion  which  it  connects. 

177,  joints.  Joints  shall  be  mechanically  strong  and 
secure  so  that  no  movement  of  the  two  ends 
relatively  to  each  other  is  possible,  and 
shall  be  carefully  sweat-soldered,  the 
joint  being  wiped  free  from  any  excess  of 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  125 


flux;  the  solder *shall  be  relied  on  only  to 
give  good  electrical  connection. 

An  efficient  lightning  arrester  shall  be 
placed  on  the  pole,  connected  to  the  lino 

and  to  a  permanent  ground  for  every 

of  conductor. 

The    mains    shall  be  so  proportioned  179-F5JiaJfmum 
that  the  maximum  fall  of  potential  be-    Potentlau 
tween  the  centre  of  distribution  and  any 
service  cut-out,  including  the  loss  in  any 

transforming  device,  shall  not  exceed 

per  cent,  under  full  load. 

Alternating  Current  System. 

(Note. — The  specification  for  the  low- 
potential  system,  p.  120,  et  seq.,  may  be  S5rstem 
followed  in  general.  There  should  be 
added  a  specification  for  placing  convert- 
ers on  poles  where  so  required,  and  for 
running  secondary  mains  where  a  single 
converter  supplies  a  number  of  buildings, 
including  the  distance  that  the  secondary 
main  must  be  kept  from  the  primary.) 


126  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

Street  Lighting  Circuits — Arc  or  Incandes- 
cent. 

i8i.  street      (Note. — The  specification  for  the  low 

Lighting  cir- 
cuits,      potential  system,  p.  120,  et  seq.,  may  be 

followed  in  general  but  the  following  ad- 
ditions and  modifications  should  be  in- 
troduced.) 

IBS.   poles.       (Add  to  sec.  168,  p.  121.) 

Lamp  poles  shall  be  not  less  than 

in  length,  with  tops  not  less  than in 

diameter,  and  set of  their  length  in 

the  ground. 

183.   Gains aud       (Add  to  SCC.  172,  p.   122.) 
Cross- Arms.  .  . 

W  here  there  is  but  a  single  wire  on  a 
pole  a  bracket  may  be  used  instead  of  a 
cross-arm.  Where  necessary  break-arms 
shall  be  used  to  carry  wires  from  the  line 
out  to  the  lamp. 

184.  steps.       (Note. — Steps  may  be  desirable  on  lamp 
poles,  if  so  add  to  sec.  174,  p.  123.) 

sio8n  ofSLampS".     Lamps  shall  be  suspended  at  the  places 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS  127 

located  on  the  attached  map  by  means 
of  (brackets,  mast-arms,  cross  suspen- 
sion, etc.)  The  bottom  of  the  lamp  to 
be  not  less  than above  the  road- 
way. 

The  lamps  and  fixtures  must  be  se- 
cured against  damage  or  interference 
through  ordinary  wind  storms,  and  all 
wires  so  connected  that  there  shall  be  a 
minimum  danger  of  short-circuiting  or 
grounding. 

The  following  fixtures  and  appliances  186.  Fixtures 
shall  be  furnished  and  erected:  cent). 

—  water-proof  hoods  complete  with 
reflectors,  sockets,  and 

j  "suspension     [attachments. 

'oose-neck  brackets, in  length 

complete  with  post- socket  or  flange 
and  the  necessary  guy  wires. 
-  sleet-proof  pulleys. 

—  feet inch  weather-proof  rope 


for  raising  and  lowering  lamps. 
—  double  cleats  for  winding  up  sur- 
plus rope. 


128  ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

—  feet inch  rope  for  suspending 

lamps, ,    c.   p.    volt 

lamps. 

is?.   Fixtures water-proof    circuit   cut-outs   for 

(Arc.    See   also, 

72,CS73  and  74).  cutting  out  circuits  inside  buildings 
from  the  exterior  circuit.  The  "  Off" 
and  "On"  positions  shall  be  plainly 
marked  and  the  switch  shall  be  so 
constructed  that  when  at  the  position 
marked  "  Off"  the  wires  on  the  inside 
shall  be  entirely  cut  out  of  the  main 
circuit. 

outriggers,-  -  in  length  for  at- 
taching to  the  exterior  of  build- 
ings. 

outriggers,  -  —  in  length  for  at- 
taching to  poles. 

1  ornamental  (  P°le  toPs- 

mast  arms,  in  length,  with 

proper  arrangement   for  raising  and 
lowering  lamps.    Bidders  shall  submit 
design  of  mast-arm  recommended. 
sleet-proof  pulleys. 


ELECTRIC   LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS.  129 

-  feet  --  ••  inch  weather-proof  rope 
for  raising  and  lowering  lamps. 

_  feet  -  -  inch  \  weather-proof  rope  ) 
)  stranded  cable          \ 
for  suspending  lamps. 


surplus  rope. 

(Note.  —  The  specification  for  wiring 
must  be  made  up  with  reference  to  the 
system  or  systems  to  be  installed,  whether 
parallel  or  series  wiring  with  incandes- 
cent or  arc  lamps,  or  a  combination  of 
systems.) 


(Note.— The  point  at  which  streetlight-  189oontl5l:  *f 
ing  circuits  will  be  controlled  will  depend 
much  on  the  system  adopted  and  on  local 
conditions;  it  is  sometimes  absolutely 
necessary  that  they  shall  be  controlled 
from  the  station;  in  other  cases  for  the 
sake  of  economy  or  convenience  it  is 
desirable  to  have  them  controlled  from 
some  other  point  such  as  the  centre  of 
distribution.) 


130 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

All  street  lighting  circuits  shall  be  con- 
trolled by  switches  at  (location.) 


While  the  schedule  is  intended  to  repre- 
sent very  closely  the  number  of  lights  to 
be  installed,  yet  as  some  changes  may  be- 
come necessary  during  the  process  of  con- 
struction each  bidder  shall  name  in  his 
proposal  a  price  to  be  added  to  or  deduct- 
ed from  the  contract  price  for  each  light 
installed  in  excess  of  the  number  speci- 
fied or  which  shall  be  cancelled,  provided 
such  addition  or  cancellation  involves  no 
change  in  the  work  already  completed 
and  shall  be  along  the  line  of  existing  cir- 
cuits. The  price  shall  include  lamp,  fix- 
tures, extra  poles  required  and  labor. 

191.1nstruc-         /gee  p<  1Q2     SeC.  102.) 
tion. 

192.  schedules.  In  or  cfer  to  tabulate  clearly  and  concise- 
ly the  location  and  number  of  outlets 
for  lights,  switches,  and  meters,  together 
with  the  number  of  lights  per  outlet  in 
each  individual  case  and  the  capacity  of 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  131 

each  switch  and^neter,  also  the  location, 
catalogue  number  and  incidental  informa- 
tion on  each  fixture  and  shade,  the  at- 
tached schedules  will  often  be  found  of 
great  convenience;  indeed,  in  making  up 
estimates,  such  schedules  are  almost  in- 
dispensable and  will  prove  of  very  con- 
siderable   assistance   if  incorporated   in 
the    specification.    They    will    also    be 
found  useful  in  checking   the   accuracy 
with  which  the  details  have  been  taken 
from  the  plans  and  an  aid  in  checking 
the  work  during  construction,  since  they 
give  the  detailed  distribution  in  a  concise 
form,  free  from  distracting  explanatory 
clauses  or  directions,  and  are  more  con- 
venient and  accessible  than  plans;  plans, 
too,  often  have  the  disadvantage  of  con- 
taining   details  foreign   to  the  electrical 
work,  which  may  confuse  and   mislead. 
The  shade  schedule  can  often  be  incor- 
porated  in  the    fixture   schedule.     The 
catalogue  number  of  fixtures   is    added 
in    this    schedule    in   order   to  keep  in 
mind  the  exact  fixture  for  which  a  given 


132  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

shade  is  intended,  thus  insuring  against 
mistakes  in  putting  them  on. 

In  the  fixture  schedule,  if  sockets  are  to 
be  furnished  by  another  contractor,  the 
column  for  same  may  be  cancelled.  As  a 
memorandum,  notes  concerning  the  sup- 
plying of  insulating  joints  or  flanges,  the 
wiring  of  fixtures,  etc.,  may  be  added. 
The  item  "  length"  is  very  important  and 
should  never  be  omitted. 

The  capacity  of  switches  is  often 
marked  in  lights  and  is  so  given  in  the 
schedule;  it  may,  however,  often  be  ad- 
visable to  designate  them  by  their  current 
carrying  capacity  in  amperes  to  provide 
for  the  use  of  low  volt  as  well  as  high  volt 
lamps.  The  form  of  schedule  for  switches 
can  also  be  used  for  meters,  but  in  this 
case  the  current  consumed  by  the  lamp 
should  be  given  and  it  should  be  clearly 
specified  whether  the  meter  is  to  measure 
direct  currents  only,  alternating  currents 
only,  or  either  direct  or  alternating  cur- 
rents, also  whether  two  or  three  wire. 


ELECTEI'C  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  133 

In  the  lamp  schedule  the  vertical  col- 
umn of  outlets  gives  the  total  number  for 
each  location,  the  horizontal  line  across 
the  bottom  of  the  page  gives  the  total 
number  of  outlets  of  each  size  in  the 
building,  and  the  sum  in  each  case  should 
be  the  same.  The  vertical  column  of  lights 
gives  the  total  number  of  lights  in  the 
building.  This  sum  may  be  checked  from 
the  horizontal  line  of  totals  by  multiply- 
ing those  totals  by  the  number  of  lights 
per  outlet  given  at  the  top  and  adding  the 
results.  If  the  results  obtained  by  the 
two  methods  do  not  agree  some  mistake 
has  been  made  either  in  the  arithmetical 
work  or  in  placing  outlets  under  the 
wrong  heading;  the  results,  to  be  correct, 
must  agree.  The  division  into  "side" 
and  "ceiling "outlet sis  important  to  the 
contractor,  since  the  quantity  both  of 
labor  and  material  required  is  often  very 
largely  dependent  upon  this  relation 
which  may  also  determine  the  method  of 
running  the  circuits. 


134 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


^ 

Lights. 

CO        SO       «0        >0 

^ 

e 

Outlets. 

«      »o     m     c» 

a 

-^ 

A 

Ceiling. 

i 

M 

_; 

Side. 

tj 

k.a 

Ceiling. 

r-l 

- 

ii 

Side. 

a 

htf 

SJ 

Ceiling. 

iH 

H 

i 

M 

O  M) 

^g 

Side. 

1 

H 

M 

Ceiling. 

iH                      rH 

d 

W 

3 

Sa 

QI/IA 

i 

o 

Pk 

°l 

Ceiling. 

iH 

- 

a 

z.^p 
H5 

Side. 

,H 

(M 

e^ 
S& 

Ceiling. 

-  -  :   rt     ; 

H 

3 

Side. 

iH        (T(        rH 

•**< 

LOCATION. 

III 

§    «  M 

2         S    &  3 
*   „    »  1   1 

1  a  I  !  i  s 

§ 

Totals  

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


135 


* 


136 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


11 


°.£P 


Remarks. 

Finish. 

1 
a' 

.  ""o 

6      g 

O     " 

0 

"S 
0 

Number  of 
Shades. 

ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  137 

STORAGE  BATTERY. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect, 
complete  in  all  its  details,  the  following 
storage  battery  plant. 

The  cells  shall  be  of  the-    —  type.        193-  ^^ 

The  capacity  of  the  battery  shall  be  at  194.  capacity. 
least  equal  to  a  steady  discharge  at  the 
rate  of  -  amperes  for  -  consecu- 
tive hours  and  it  shall  be  capable  of  with- 
standing a  maximum  discharge  at  the 
rate  of  -  -  amperes  for  -  —  consec- 
utive hours  without  injury. 

The  total    number   of   cells    shall    be 


-  .     They  shall  be  arranged  in  - 
series  of  -  cells  each  and  so  connect- 
ed that  they  can  be  discharged  at  a  prac- 
tically uniform  potential  of-  -  volts. 

(Note.  —  Describe  method  of  erecting.)     196«  Erection. 

(Note.  —  Specify  and  describe  connec-  19\10<S;S£nec' 
tions  for  charging  and  discharging; 
switches  for  throwing  entire  battery  or 
single  cells  in  and  out;  devices  for  keep- 
ing the  potential  constant  on  discharging 
circuits;  connections  for  testing;  and  any 
special  devices  and  apparatuses  desired.) 

Each  bidder  shall   incorporate   in  his  io8.Guaran- 


^  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

proposal  such  guarantees  as  he  desires  to 
make  as  to  efficiency,  life  and  cost  of 
maintenance  and  repairs. 

199.  summary.    Each  bidder  shall  fill   out  completely 
the  following  summary: 

Number  of  cells 

Number  of  series 

Dimensions  of  each  cell  .... 
Weight  of  each  cell  complete  . 

Rated  capacity  in  ampere-hours  .    

Normal  voltage  each  cell  ... 
Normal  discharging  rate  .  .  . 
Maximum  safe  discharging  rate  . 
Normal  charging  rate  .  .  .  . 
Maximum  safe  charging  rate  ,  .  


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  139 

STEAM  PLANT. 

(Note. — This  specification  will  be  found  200.  specifica- 
tion for  Steam 

applicable  to  many  central  station  plants 
up  to  200  h.  p.  or  300  h.  p.,  and  for  isolated 
plants  where  the  conditions  imposed  by 
municipal  and  insurance  regulations,  con- 
siderations of  the  utilization  of  exhaust 
steam,  or  of  combining  a  heating  and 
power  plant,  and  questions  of  a  similar 
nature  do  not  require  special  attention. 

The  forms  of  Warning,  Preamble,  and 
General  Specification  are,  with  but  slight 
changes,  also  adapted  to  this  specifica- 
tion.) 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect, 
complete  in  all  its  details,  the  following 
steam  plant: 


horizontal  j    j  single  cylinder  j 


vertical      f  j  compound         j" 

T  ^  \    ™^    "»«*** 
adapted   for    electric     lighting    service. 


201.    Engines. 


140  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

j  Th(fse  (  enSme(s)  snaH   ^e  capable   of 

developing  indicated  horse-power 

with pounds  initial  steam  pressure 

at  the  throttle,  -  -  pounds  back  pres- 
sure, -  —  cut-off  and  -  —  revolutions  per 
minute,  and  must  be  designed  in  all 

]  its611"  [  Par^s  ^°  develop  thi8  power  for 

indefinite  periods. 

The  variation  in  speed  from  no  load  to 
full  load  shall  not  exceed  • per  cent. 

All  material  and  workmanship  shall  be 
of  the  highest  grade;  all  parts  accurately 
made  to  standard  gauge ;  all  moving  parts 
carefully  balanced;  all  valves  and  pack- 
ing free  from  leakage. 

J  Iney   /  g^^j  Operate  noiselessly  and 

(  xt          I 

without  vibration  when  set  on  (a)  suitable 
fcundation(s)  and  properly  piped. 


>e  provided 

202.    Fittings.          (  Tlie      ) 

(  foundation  plate,  I    form^ 

a  |  full  height  foundation  box,   f 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING'SPECIFICATIONS.  141 

tion  bolts  and  washers,  sight  feed  cylin- 
der lubricator,  throttle  valve,  sight  feed 
oil  cups,  full  set  of  wrenches,  governor 
pulley,  driving  pulley  of  proper  dimen- 
sions for  driving  the  dynamo  selected  (and 
all  necessary  pipes,  valves,  reducing  mo- 
tion and  attachments  for  taking  indicator 
cards. 

Indicators  to  be  furnished  by  the  pur- 
chaser.) 

(Note.— If  the  dynamo(s)  j  fgre   j-  to    be 

direct  driven  by  the  engine(s)  there  should 
be  added  to  the  above  specification  the 
type  or  types  of  dynamo(s)  which  may  be 
selected  from;  the  method  of  connecting 
engine(s)  and  dynamo(s);  and  any  special 
fittings  such  as  extension  to  engine  foun- 
dation box,  extended  shaft,  out  board 
bearing,  spot  for  supporting  fields,  attach- 
ment for  securing  brush-holder,  etc.) 

(As  required.)  203.  Painting. 


142  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

;  Founda-      The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  engine(s) 
shall  be  built  by  the  j  J^S±  [  °f  ~  ' 


tions. 


laid  -  ,  and  shall  be  of  sufficient  length, 
width  and  depth  to  safely  and  firmly  sus- 

tain j  -^  ei    (•  weight    and    all  strains    to 

which  -j  -x  -e^  c      [  subjected.     All  neces- 

sary excavating  or  filling  and  the  removal 
of    all    debris    shall    be    done    by    the 

\  contractor.  )  T1      foundations  shall  be 
j  purchaser,  j 

of  such  height  that  the  driving  pulley(s) 
will  swing  j  j^of  }  the  floor  -  . 


(Note.  —  Foundations  for  direct-  connect- 
ed outfits  should  extend  under  both  en- 
gine and  dynamo.) 

(Character  of  the  soil  should  also  be 
specified,  and  the  method  of  isolat- 
ing and  insulating  the  foundation  if 
required.) 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  143 

/Note.—  If     this    contractor    furnishes 

*  ,   .  .  ,  , 

plant  complete,  this  section  can  be  put 
before  final  summary.) 


struction. 


ready 

for  operation  ]  .£ev  [  shall  be  run  for  a 

period  of days  by  competent  en- 
gineers   furnished    by    the    contractor, 
j  Assistant  Engineer,  J     oil,  waste,  etc., 

will  be  furnished  by  (the  purchaser). 

This  contractor  shall  also  give  all  neces- 
sary instructions  to  the  engineer  of  (the 
purchaser)  for  the  proper  care,  mainte- 
nance, and  operation  of  the 

such  instructions  to  be  given  during  the 
trial  period  stipulated  above. 

double  leather,  endless,  solid  ]  206  Belts- 

per- 


forated 
link 
rubber 

cotton-leather 
rope,  etc., 


-belts 


144  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

free  from  defects  of  any  kind,  -  in 
width  by  -  in  length,  and  capable  of 
transmitting  --  horse-power  at  a  belt 
speed  of  -  . 

207parSewal  Such  renewal  parts  as  it  is  advisable  to 
keep  on  hand,  adding  hereto  an  itemized 
list  of  same'. 


208.  Summary.        ^gee  Note:   p.  52,  S6C.  27.) 

Each   bidder  shall  fill  out  completely 
the  following  summary: 
Number  of  engines     ..... 

Size  of  cylinder(s)       ..... 

Diameter  of  steam  pipe      .     .     .     - 
Diameter  of  exhaust  pipe        .     .    -- 
Floor  space      ......   *.     - 

Indicated  horse-power  at—  —revo- 
lutions, --  initial  steam  pres- 
sure, -  back  pressure,   cut- 
ting off  at  -  stroke  .    .    .    - 
Speed       .     .     .    v   ....    .     - 

Maximum  variation  in  speed   be- 

tween no  load  and  full  load  - 
Number  of  pulleys    .     e    .    .     .     -- 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  145 

Dimensions  of  pulleys    ....    - 

(  turned  steel,       ) 

-  of-<  hammered  iron,  >-  shafting  - 
(etc.,  ) 

in  diameter. 

f  floor  stands,     ) 

—  \  «»****  ^ 

[  pedestals,  etc.,  J 
adjustable,  (self-oiling)  boxes,  base-plates, 


bolts,et,   jgjf*  [from  to 


centre  line  of  shaft  -   —  . 

Shafting  to  be  key-seated  for  the  pul- 
leys specified  below,  and  provided  with 
all  necessary  collars,  guard  rings,  etc. 

f  plain  cast  iron,  1 
split      "     "       | 

-  -(plain  wood,         }-  pulleys    accur- 
|  split     "  I 

[  grooved,  etc.      J 

ately  bored,  turned,  balanced,  and  pro- 
vided with  key  seats  and  keys.  Pulleys 
to  be  -  in  diameter  by  --  face,  and  ca- 
pable of  transmitting  --  horse-power 
at  -  -  revolutions. 

—  ,  -     -  arm,  balanced  friction-  clutch 
pulleys,  •  -  in  diameter  by  -  face* 


146  ELECTRIC   LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

and  capable  of  transmitting horse- 
power at  -  -  revolutions.  Each  pulley 
to  be  provided  with  a  -  -  shifter  rig,  to 

operate    from  .      The    clutch  must 

pick  up  the  load  without  shock  or  jar, 
and  the  shifter  rig  must  be  positive  in  its 
action,  not  liable  to  get  out  of  order, 
free  from  any  tendency  or  liability  to  be 
thrown  in  or  out  accidentally. 

( friction -clutch  couplings,   cut-off 

couplings,  compression  couplings,  plate 
couplings,  jaw  clutches,  etc.,  also  idlers 
and  method  of  applying.) 

tion°sunc  (Note. — Specify  character  of  foundation 
upon  which  shafting  is  to  be  placed, 
whether  special  foundations  of  brick  or 
stone,  floor  timbers,  walls,  ceilings,  posts, 
etc.) 

2i3.Boii.r(8).      9 9  _    _  boiler(s)  (each)  rated  at 

-horse-power. 
The  boiler(s)  shall  contain  not  less  than 

of  heating  surface  per  rated  horse 

power.    The   shell(s)  shall  be    made  of 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  147 

steel  having  a  tensile  strength  of  not  less 

than ,  and  shall  be  braced  and  stayed 

for  a  working  pressure  of-  -  pounds, 
and  tested  to  -  -  pounds  hydrostatic 
pressure. 

j  -j^.  ey  i  shall  be  inspected  and  insured 

by  a  responsible  steam  boiler  insurance 
company,  this  contractor  to  furnish  a  cer- 
tificate of  inspection  and  a  policy  of  in- 
surance for  -  — . 

The*    |  boiler  sha11  be  Provided  with  2iaFIttinari 
|  domep.or  drums  J    the  necessary  lugs> 

brackets,  plates,  bolts,  stays,  anchor  and 
binder  rods,  man  and  hand  holes,  steam 
and  blow-off  connections,  stop  and  safety 
valves,  pressure  gauge,  water  column, 
gauge  cocks  and  drip,  set  of  stoking  tools 
consisting  of-  — ,  and  all  other  appli- 
ances properly  coming  under  this  head. 

The  boiler(s)  shall  be  set  in  masonry  in  214.  setting, 
a  first- class  manner,  according  to  standard 


148  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

practice.  This  contractor  to  do  all  neces- 
sary excavating  or  filling  for  the  founda- 
tion^) and  to  remove  all  debris. 

(Specify  character  of  soil  upon  which 
boilers  will  be  placed.) 

sis.  stack.       (Note.  —  Specify    material,      diameter, 
height,  lining,  base,  location,  etc.) 


Smoke  connections  of  -  —  ,  having  an 
area  -  —  ,  are  to  be  made  with  the  stack, 
and  are  to  be  provided  with  -  -  dampers 
and  -  -  cleaning  doors  arranged  as  fol- 
lows :  — 


217.  piping.  (Note.  —  If  the  piping  is  to  be  "erected 
with  reference  to  existing  piping  or  to 
meet  special  conditions  the  specification 
must  be  made  up  with  due  regard  to  such 
conditions;  for  entirely  new  piping,  inde- 
pendent of  auxiliary  connections,  the  fol- 
lowing specification  will  cover  many 
cases.) 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect 


ELECTRIC   LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS.  149 

all  necessary  ancf  proper  piping  to  pipe 
the  entire  plant.  From  each  boiler  a 
branch  pipe  shall  be  carried  to  a  main 

header  located ,  and  from  this  header 

a  branch  pipe  shall  be  carried  to  each 
engine ;  all  branch  pipes  from  boilers  and 

to  engines  shall  be  provided  with  a 

valve  so  that  any  boiler  or  any  engine 
may  be  cut  out  without  interfering  with 
the  operation  of  the  remainder.  The 
valve  in  the  engine  branch  shall  be  in 
addition  to  the  throttle  at  the  engine. 
The  engine  exhausts  shall  be  connected  to 
an  exhaust  header  and  each  exhaust  branch 

shall    be    provided    with    a valve ; 

the  exhaust  header  shall  be  connected 
with  the  heater  and  from  the  heater  shall 
be  carried .  (For  non- condensing  en- 
gines carry  to  atmosphere ;  for  condensing 
engines  to  the  condenser.)  The  exhaust 
from  the  (condenser  and)  feed  pumps 
shall  be  carried .  (For  non- condens- 
ing engines  carry  to  exhaust  header 
or  atmosphere;  for  condensing  engines 
carry  to  the  condenser  or  to  an  auxiliary 


150  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

heater.)    Feed  (  and  condensing )  water 

will  be  brought  to by  the  purchaser). 

Drip  (and  condenser  discharge)  connec- 
tions shall  be  made  at .  All  piping 

and  larger  shall  be  flanged.  (Add  speci- 
fication as  to  hot-well,  exhaust  head, 
back-pressure  valve,  automatic  atmos- 
pheric relief  valve,  connections  for  auxili- 
ary heater,  etc.,  if  required;  also  the  dis- 
posal of  drips  from  live  steam  pipes, 
separator,  engine  jackets,  receiver,  etc.) 

All  live  steam  piping and  larger, 

(and  also  the  following  sections  of  ex- 
haust piping )  shall  be  neatly 

covered  with  a  substantial,  non-heat-con- 
ducting pipe  covering. 

218  condensers.   ,  ^dependent    steam    driven  ( 

( driven  j 

"j  surface  [  condenser(s)  complete  with 
pump(  s  )  and  all  connections ; 

j  each  |   condenser  to  have  a  capacity  of 
j  the    j 
pounds  of  steam  condensed  per  hour 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

with  condensing*  water  at  -  degrees 

j  Fahr.  | 
I  Cent.  \ 


2eed 


-  ,  -  feed     pump(s)    of   standard  pamp()eeand 

Injector(s). 

manufacture  (each)  having  ample  capacity 
to  feed  —  h.  p.  in  boilers. 

-  feed-water   heater(s)    [and    puri-     ^f^" 
fier(s)]  of  standard  manufacture    (each)    purffler%?.n 
having  ample  capacity  for  —  h.  p.  in  boil- 
ers. 

(Specify  character  of  water  to  be  used, 
and  whether  exhaust  steam  is  to  be  used 
for  any  other  purpose  than  heating  feed- 
water.) 


separator(s)  of  standard  manufact-   221 


tor(s) 

ure. 


A  gauge  board  of shall  be  erected 

in  -  — ,  and    the  following    instruments 

mounted     thereon:   .      Connections 

shall  be  made  between  these  instruments 
and in  the  following  manner . 


152  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

223.  Painting.         (Ag  reqUired.) 

224partsewal  Such  renewal  parts  as  it  is  advisable  to 
have  on  hand  shall  be  furnished,  a  list  of 
same  to  be  added  hereto. 

225.  Summary.        (gee  Note:    p.  52,  SCC.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely 
the  following  summary: 
Number  of  boilers 
Rated  horse-power         -  . 
Kind        .       .       .       .... 

Diameter  of  shell     . 

Length  of  shell      •       •         . 

Number  of  tubes 

Diameter  of  tubes        ,         .' 

Heating  surface 

Tensile  strength  of  steel       .         A- 

Working  pressure    . 

Testing  pressure  .       .      .  . 

Outside  dimensions  of  setting  . 

Number  of  condensers          .  ,        .  

Kind       ."•         .        .       .'• 

Capacity  of  each         .         .          .  

•Number  of  pumps    . 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  153 


Kind 

Capacity  of  each 

Number  of  heaters 

Kind 

Capacity  of  each 


154 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

RULES  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

OF    THE 

NATIONAL  BOARD  OF  FIRE  UNDERWRITERS  FOR 
THE  INSTALLATION  OF  WIRING  AND  AP- 
PARATUS FOR  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER 
AS  RECOMMENDED  BY  THE  UNDERWRITERS* 
NATIONAL  ELECTRIC  ASSOCIATION. 


EDITION   OF  JAN.   1,   1895. 

The  use  of  wire  ways  for  rendering 
concealed  wiring  permanently  accessible, 
is  most  heartily  endorsed  and  recom- 
mended; and  this  method  of  accessible 
concealed  construction  is  advised  for 
general  use. 

Architects  are  urged,  when  drawing 
plans  and  specifications,  to  make  pro- 
vision for  the  channeling  and  pocketing 
of  buildings  for  electric  light  or  power 
wires,  and  in  specifications  for  electric 
gas  lighting  to  require  a  two-wire  circuit, 
whether  the  building  is  to  be  wired  for 
electric  lighting  or  not,  so  that  no  part  of 
the  gas  fixtures  or  gas  piping  be  allowed 
to  be  used  for  the  gas  lighting  circuit. 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  155 


CENTRAL  STATIONS. 
Class  A. 

FOE  LIGHT  OB  POWER. 

These  Rules  also  apply  to  Dynamo  Rooms 
in  Isolated  Plants,  connected  with  or  de- 
tached from  building's  used  for  other  pur- 
poses ;  also  to  all  varieties  of  apparatus 
therein  of  both  high  and  low  potential. 

1.  GENERATORS:— 

a.  Must  be  located  in  a  dry  place. 

b.  Must   be    insulated  on    floors    or 
base-frames,  which  must  be  kept  filled, 
to  prevent  absorption  of  moisture,  and 
also  kept  clean  and  dry. 

c.  Must  never  be  placed  in  a  room 
where  any  hazardous  process  is  carried 
on,  more  in  places  where  they  would  be  ex- 
posed to  inflammable  gases,  or  flyings,  or 
combustible  material. 

d.  Must   each   be   provided  with  a 
waterproof  covering. 

2.  CARE  AND  ATTENDANCE: — 

A  competent  man  must  be  kept  on 


156  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

duty  in  the   room  where  generators  are 
operating. 

Oily  waste  must  be  kept  in  approved 
metal    cans,    and  removed  daily.    (See 
Definitions). 
3.     CONDUCTORS: — 

From  generators,  switchboards,  rheo- 
stats, or  other  instruments,  and  thence 
to  outside  lines,  conductors — 

a.  Must  be  in  plain  sight,  and  readily 
accessible. 

b.  Must  be  wholly  on  non-combusti- 
ble insulators,  such  as  glass  or  porcelain. 

c.  Must   be  separated  from  contact 
with  floors,  partitions  or  walls,  through 
which  they  may  pass,  by  non- combusti- 
ble insulating    tubes,    such  as  glass  or 
porcelain. 

d.  Must  be  kept  rigidly  so  far  apart 
that  they  cannot  come  in  contact. 

e.  Must    be    covered    with    non-in- 
flammable insulating  material  sufficient 
to    prevent    accidental    contact,   except 
that  "  bus  bars  "  may  be  made  of  bare 
metal. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  157 

/.  Must  havp  ample  carrying  capac- 
ity, to  prevent  heating.    (See  Capacity  of 
Wires  Table.) 
4.     SWITCHBOARDS:— 

a.  Must  be  so  placed  as  to  reduce  to 
a  minimum  the  danger  of  communicating 
fire  to    adjacent    combustible    material. 
(See  Definitions). 

b.  Must  be  accessible  from  all  sides 
when  the  connections  are  on  the  back;  or 
may  be  placed  against  a  brick  or  stone 
wall  when  the  wiring  is  entirely  on  the 
face. 

c.  Must  be  kept  free  from  moisture. 

d.  Must  be  made  of   non- combusti- 
ble material,  or  of  hard  wood  in  skele- 
ton form,  filled  to  prevent  absorption  of 
moisture. 

e.  Bus  bars  must  be  equipped  in  ac- 
cordance with  Rule  3  for  placing  con- 
ductors. 

5.    RESISTANCE  BOXES  AND  EQUALIZERS: — 

a.  Must  be  equipped  with  metal,  or 

other  non -combustible  frames.    (See  Defi- 

nitions)-  /^i^\ 

I  UNIVERSITY  » 
^C/iuwiH\N 


158  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

bt  Must  be  placed  on  the  switch- 
board, or,  if  not  thereon,  at  a  distance  of 
a  foot  from  combustible  material,  or  sepa- 
rated therefrom  by  a  non-inflammable, 
non-absorptive,  insulating  material. 

6.  LIGHTNING  ARRESTERS: — 

a.  Must  be  attached  to  each  side  of 
every  overhead  circuit    connected  with 
the  station. 

b.  Must  be  mounted   on   non-com- 
bustible bases  in  plain  sight  on  the  switch- 
board, or  in  an  equally  accessible  place, 
away  from  combustible  material. 

c.  Must  be  connected  with  at  least  two 
"  earths"  by  separate  wires,  not  smaller 
than  No.  6  B.  &  S.,  which  must  not  be 
connected  to  any  pipe  within  the  building, 
and  must  be  run  as  nearly  as  possible  in 
a  straight  line  from  the  arresters  to  the 
earth  connection. 

d.  Must  be  so  constructed  as  not  to 
maintain  an  arc  after  the  discharge  has 
passed. 

7.  TESTING:— 

a.  All  series  and  alternating  circuits 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  159 

must  be  tested  etery  two  hours  while  in 
operation,  to  discover  any  leakage  to  earth, 
abnormal  in  view  of  the  potential  and 
method  of  operation. 

b.  All   multiple   arc    low    potential 
systems  (300  volts  or  less)  must  be  pro- 
vided with  an  indicating  or  detecting  de- 
vice, readily  attachable,  to  afford  easy 
means  of  testing  where  the  station  oper- 
ates continuously. 

c.  Data  obtained  from  all  tests  must 
be  preserved  for  examination  by  insurance 
inspectors. 

These  rules  on  testing  to  be  applied 
at  such  places  as  may  be  designated  by 
the  association  having  jurisdiction. 

MOTORS. 
8.    MOTORS: — 

a.  Must  be  wired  under  the  same  pre- 
cautions as  with  a  current  of  the  same 
volume  and  potential  for  lighting.  The 
motor  and  resistance  box  must  be  pro- 
tected by  a  double  pole  cut-out  and  con- 
trolled by  a  double  pole  switch,  except 
in  cases  where  one-quarter  horse-power 


160  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

or  less  is  used  on  low  tension  circuit,  a 
single  pole  switch  will  be  accepted. 

b.  Must    be    thoroughly    insulated, 
mounted  on  filled  dry  wood,  be  raised  at 
least  eight  inches  above  the  surrounding 
floor,  be  provided  with  pans  to  prevent 
oil  from  soaking  into  the  floor,  and  must 
be  kept  clean. 

c.  Must  be  covered  with  a  waterproof 
cover  when  not  in  use,  and,  if  deemed 
necessary  by  the  Inspector,  be  enclosed 
in  an  approved  case.    (See  Definitions). 

9.    RESISTANCE  BOXES: — 

a.  Must  be  equipped  with  metal  or 
other  non-combustible  frames.    (See Defi- 
nitions). ;•• 

b.  Must  be  placed  on  the    switch- 
board, or  at  a  distance  of  a  foot  from  com- 
bustible material,  or  separated  therefrom 
by    a   non-inflammable,  non-absorptive, 
insulating  material. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  161 

*  'Class  B. 

HIGH  POTENTIAL    SYSTEMS. 

OVER  300  VOLTS. 

Any  circuit  attached  to  any  machine,  or 
combination  of  machines,  which  develop 
over  300  volts  difference  of  potential  between 
any  two  wires,  shall  be  considered  as  a  hi^h 
potential  circuit  and  coming  under  that 
class,  unless  an  approved  transforming  de- 
vice is  used,  which  cuts  the  difference  of  po- 
tential down  to  less  than  800  volts. 
10.  OUTSIDE  CONDUCTORS.  All  outside 
overhead  conductors  (including  serv- 
ices):— 

a.  Must  be  covered  with  some  ap- 
proved   insulating    material,    not  easily 
abraded,  firmly  secured  to  properly  insu- 
lated and  substantially  built  supports,  all 
tie  wires  having  an  insulation  equal  to 
that  of  the  conductors  they  confine.   (See 
Definitions). 

b.  Must  be   so  placed  that  moisture 
cannot  form  a  cross  connection  between 
them,  not  less  than  a  foot  apart,  and  not 
in  contact  with  any  substance  other  than 
their  insulating  supports. 


162  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

c.  Must  be  at  least  seven  feet  above 
the  highest  point  of  flat  roofs,  and  at 
least  one  foot  above  the  ridge  of  pitched 
roofs  over  which  they  pass  or  to  which 
they  are  attached. 

d.  Must  be  protected  by  dead  insu- 
lated guard  irons  or  wires  from  possibility 
of  contact  with  other  conducting   wires 
or  substances  to  which  current  may  leak. 
Special   precautions    of  this  kind  must 
be  taken  where  sharp  angles  occur,   or 
where  any  wires  might  possibly  come  in 
contact  with  electric  light  or  power  wires. 

e.  Must  be  provided  with  petticoat 
insulators  of  glass  or  porcelain.   Porcelain 
knobs  or  cleats  and  rubber  hooks  will  not 
be  approved. 

/.  Must  be  so  spliced  or  joined  as 
to  be  both  mechanically  and  electrically 
secure  without  solder.  The  joints  must 
then  be  soldered,  to  insure  preservation, 
and  covered  with  an  insulation  equal  to 
that  on  the  conductors.  (See  Definitions). 

g.  Telegraph,  telephone,  and  similar 
wires  must  not  be  placed  on  the  same 


ELECTBIO  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  163 

cross-arm  with*  electric  light  or  power 
wires. 

11.  SERVICE  BLOCKS: — 

Must  be  covered  over  their  entire 
surface  with  at  least  two  coats  of  water- 
proof paint. 

INTERIOR  CONDUCTORS. 

12.  ALL  INTERIOR  CONDUCTORS: — 

a.  Must  be  covered  where  they  enter 
buildings  from  outside  terminal  insulators 
to  and  through  the  walls,   with    extra 
waterproof  insulation,  and  must  have  drip 
loops  outside.     The  hole  through  which 
the  conductor  passes  must  be  bushed  with 
waterproof  and  non- combustible  insulat- 
ing tube,  slanting  upward  toward  the  in- 
side.   The    tube    must   be  sealed  with 
tape,  thoroughly  painted,  and  securing 
the  tube  to  the  wire. 

b.  Must  be  arranged  to  enter  and  leave 
the  building  through  a  double  contact 
service    switch,    which    will  effectually 
close  the  main  circuit  and  disconnect  the 
interior  wires  when  it  is  turned  "off." 
The  switch  must  be  so  constructed  that 


164  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

it  shall  be  automatic  in  its  action,  not 
stopping  between  points  when  started, 
and  prevent  an  arc  between  the  points 
under  all  circumstances ;  it  must  indicate 
on  inspection  whether  the  current  be 
"  on  "  or  "off,"  and  be  mounted  in  a  non- 
combustible  case,  and  kept  free  from 
moisture,  and  easy  of  access  to  police  or 
firemen.  So-called  "  snap  switches  "  shall 
not  be  used  on  high  potential  circuits. 

c.  Must  be  always  in  plain  sight,  and 
never  encased,  except  when  required  by 
the  Inspector. 

d.  Must  be  covered  in  all  cases  with 
an  approved  non- combustible  material  that 
will  adhere  to  the  wire,  not  fray  -by  fric- 
tion, and  bear  a  temperature  of  150°  F. 
without  softening.    (See  Definitions). 

e.  Must  be  supported  on  glass  or  por- 
celain insulators,  and  kept  rigidly  at  least 
eight  inches  from  each  other,  except  with- 
in the  structure  of  lamps  or  on  hanger 
boards,  cut-out  boxes,  or  the  like,  where 
less  distance  is  necessary. 

f.  Must  be    separated  from  contact 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  165 

with  walls,  floods,  timbers,  or  partitions 
through  which  they  may  pass  by  non- 
combustible  insulating  tube. 

g.  Must  be  so  spliced  or  joined  as  to 
be  both  mechanically  and  electrically  se- 
cure without  solder.  They  must  then 
be  soldered,  to  insure  preservation,  and 
covered  with  an  insulation  equal  to  that 
on  the  conductors. 

LAMPS  AND  OTHEE  DEVICES. 

13.    ARC  LAMPS — In  every  case: — 

a.  Must  be  carefully  isolated    from 
inflammable  material. 

b.  Must  be  provided  at  all  times  with 
a  glass  globe  surrounding  the  arc,  secure- 
ly fastened  upon    a    closed    base.     No 
broken  or  cracked  globes  to  be  used. 

c.  Must  be  provided  with  an  approved 
hand  switch,   also  an  automatic  switch, 
that  will  shunt  the  current  around  the 
carbons  should  they  fail  to  feed  properly. 
(See  Definitions). 

d.  Must  be  provided   with    reliable 
stops  to  prevent  carbons  from  falling  out 
in  case  the  clamps  become  loose. 


166  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

e.  Must  be  carefully  insulated  from 
the  circuit  in  all  their  exposed  parts. 

/.  Must  be  provided  with  a  wire  net- 
ting around  the  globe,  and  an  approved 
spark  arrester  above  to  prevent  escape  of 
sparks,  melted  copper,  or  carbon,  where 
readily  inflammable  material  is  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  lamps.  It  is  recommend- 
ed that  plain  carbons,  not  copper  plated, 
be  used  for  lamps  in  such  places.  (See 
Definitions). 

g.  Hanger  boards  must  be  so  con- 
structed that  all  wires  and  current -carry- 
ing devices  thereon  shall  be  exposed  to 
view,  and  thoroughly  insulated  by  being 
mounted  on  a  waterproof,  non- combus- 
tible substance.  All  switches  attached 
to  the  same  must  be  so  constructed  that 
they  shall  be  automatic  in  their  action, 
not  stopping  between  points  when  started, 
and  preventing  an  arc  between  points  un- 
der all  circumstances. 

h.  Where  hanger  boards  are  not  used, 
lamps  to  be  hung  from  insulated  supports 
other  than  their  conductors. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  167 

14.    INCANDESCENT*  LAMPS  IN  SERIES  CIR- 
CUITS HAVING  A  MAXIMUM  POTENTIAL 
OF  300  VOLTS  OR  OVER: — 
a.  Must  be  governed    by   the  same 
rules  as  for  arc  lights,  and  each  series 
lamp  provided  with  an  approved  hand- 
spring switch  and  automatic  cut-out. 

b.  Must  have  each  lamp  suspended 
from  a  hanger  board  by  means  of  a  rigid 
tube. 

c.  No  electromagnetic  device  lor 
switches  and  no  system  of  multiple  series 
or  series  multiple  lighting  will  be  ap- 
proved. 

d.  Under  no  circumstances  can  series 
lamps  be  attached  to  gas  fixtures. 


Class  C0 
Low  POTENTIAL  SYSTEMS. 

300  VOLTS  OR  LESS. 

OUTSIDE  CONDUCTORS. 
15.  OUTSIDE  OVERHEAD  CONDUCTORS: — 

a.  Must  be  erected  in  accordance  with 
the  rules  for  (high  potential;  conductors. 


168  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

b.  Must  be  separated  not  less  than 
12  inches,  and  be  provided  with  an  ap- 
proved fusible  cut-out,  that  will  cut  off 
the  entire  current  as  near  as  possible  to 
the  entrance  to  the  building  and  inside 
the  walls.  (See  Definitions). 
16.  UNDERGROUND  CONDUCTORS:— 

a.  Must  be  protected  against  moisture 
and  mechanical  injury,  and  be  removed 
at  least  two  feet  from  combustible  mate- 
rial when  brought  into  a  building,  but  not 
connected  with  the  interior  conductors. 

b.  Must  have  a  switch  and  a  cut-out 
for  each  wire  between  the  underground 
conductors  and  the  interior  wiring  when 
the  two  parts  of  the  wiring  are  connected. 

These  switches  and  fuses  must  be 
placed  as  near  as  possible  to  the  end  of 
the  underground  conduit,  and  connected 
therewith  by  specially  insulated  conduct- 
ors, kept  apart  not  less  than  two  and  a 
half  inches.  (See  Definitions). 

c.  Must   not   be  so   arranged    as  to 
shunt  the    current    through    a    building 
around  any  catch-box. 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  169 

INSIDE  WIRING. 
GENERAL  RULES. 

17.  At  the   entrance  of   every    building 
there  shall  be  an  approved  switch  placed 
in  the  service  conductors  by  which  the 
current  may  be  entirely   cut  off.    (See 
Definitions). 

18.  CONDUCTORS: — 

a.  Must  have  an  approved  insulating 
covering,  and  must  not  be  of  sizes  smaller 
than  No.  14  B.  &  S.,  No.  16  B.  W.  G.,  or 
No.  4  E.  S.  G.,  except  that  in  conduit 
installed  under  Rule  22,  No.  16  B.  &  S., 
No.  18  B.  W.  G.,  or  No.  4  E.  S.  G.,  may 
be  used.     (See  Definitions). 

b.  Must  be  protected  when  passing 
through  floors;  or  through  walls,  parti- 
tions, timbers,  etc.,  in  places  liable  to  be 
exposed  to  dampness  by  waterproof,  non- 
combustible,  insulating    tubes,  such  as 
glass  or  porcelain. 

Must  be  protected  when  passing 
through  walls,  partitions,  timbers,  etc., 
in  places  not  liable  to  be  exposed  to 


170  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

dampness  by  approved  insulating  bushings 
specially  made  for  the  purpose. 

c.  Must  be  kept  free  from  contact  with 
gas,  water,  or  other  metallic  piping,  or  any 
other  conductors  or  conducting  material 
which  they  may  cross  (except  high  po- 
tential conductors)  by  some  continuous 
and  firmly  fixed  non-conductor  creating  a 
separation  of  at  least  one  inch.    Devi- 
ations from  this  rule  may  sometimes  be 
allowed  by  special  permission. 

d.  Must  be  so  placed  in  crossing  high 
potential  conductors  that  there  shall  be  a 
space  of  at  least  one  foot  at  all  points 
between  the  high  and  low  tension  con- 
ductors. 

e.  Must  be  so  placed  in  wet  places 
that  an  air  space  will  be  left  between  con- 
ductors and  pipes  in  crossing,  and  the 
former  must  be  run  in  such  a  way  that 
they  cannot  come  in  contact  with  the  pipe 
accidentally.    Wires  should  be  run  over 
all  pipes  upon  which  condensed  moisture 
is  likely  to  gather,  or  which  by  leaking 
might  cause  trouble  on  a  circuit. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  171 

/.  Must  be  so  spliced  or  joined  as  to 
be  both  mechanically  and  electrically 
secure  without  solder.  They  must  then 
be  soldered,  to  insure  preservation,  and 
covered  with  an  insulation  equal  to  that 
on  the  conductors.  (See  Definitions). 

SPECIAL  RULES. 

19.  WIRING  NOT  ENCASED  IN  MOLDING  OB 
APPROVED  CONDUIT:— 

a.  Must  be  supported  wholly  on  non- 
combustible  insulators,  constructed  so  as 
to  prevent  the  insulating  coverings  of  the 
wire  from  coming  in  contact  with  other 
substances  than  the  insulating  supports. 

6.  Must  be  so  arranged  that  wires  of 
opposite  polarity,  with  a  difference  of 
potential  of  150  volts  or  less,  will  be  kept 
apart  at  least  two  and  one -half  inches. 

c.  Must  have  the  above  distance  in- 
creased proportionately  where  a  higher 
voltage  is  used. 

d.  Must  not  belaid  in  plaster,  cement 
or  similar  finish. 

e.  Must    never     be    fastened    with 
staples. 


172  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

IN   UNFINISHED  LOFTS,  BETWEEN  FLOORS  AND 
CEILINGS,  IN  PARTITIONS,  AND  OTHER  CON- 
CEALED PLACES. 

/.  Must  have  at  least  one  inch  clear 
air  space  surrounding  them. 

g.  Must  be  at  least  ten  inches  apart 
when  possible,  and  should  be  run  singly 
on  separate  timbers  or  studding. 

h.  Wires  run  as  above  immediately 
under  roofs,  in  proximity  to  water  tanks 
or  pipes,  will  be  considered  as  exposed  to 
moisture. 

i.  When  from  the  nature  of  the  case  it 
is  impossible  to  place  concealed  wire  on 
non- combustible  insulating  supports  of 
glass  or  porcelain,  the  wires  may  be  fished 
on  the  loop  system,  if  encased  through- 
out in  approved  continuous  flexible  tubing 
or  conduit. 

j.  Wires  must  not  be  fished  for  any 
great  distance,  and  only  in  places  where 
the  inspector  can  satisfy  himself  that  the 
above  rules  have  been  complied  with. 

k.  Twin  wires  must  never  be  em- 
ployed in  this  class  of  concealed  work. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  173 

20.  MOLDINGS: —  • 

a.  Must  never  be  used  in  concealed 
work  or  in  damp  places. 

6.  Must  have  at  least  two  coats  of 
waterproof  paint  or  be  impregnated  with 
a  moisture  repellant. 

c.  Must  be  made  of  two  pieces,  a 
backing  and  capping,  so  constructed  as 
to  thoroughly  encase  the  wire,  and  main- 
tain a  distance  of  one -half  inch  between 
conductors  of  opposite  polarity,  and  af- 
ford suitable  protection  from  abrasion. 
21.  SPECIAL  WIRING:— 

In  breweries,  packinghouses,  stables, 
dye-houses,  paper  and  pulp  mills,  or  other 
buildings  specially  liable  to  moisture  or 
acid,  or  other  fumes  liable  to  injure  the 
wires  or  insulation,  except  where  used 
for  pendants,  conductors — 

a.  Must   be    separated  at  least  six 
inches. 

b.  Must  be  provided  with  an  approved 
waterproof  covering.    (See  Definitions). 

c.  Must  be  carefully  put  up. 

d.  Must  be  supported  by  glass  or  por- 


174  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

celain  insulators.  No  switches  or  fusible 
cut-outs  will  be  allowed  where  exposed 
to  inflammable  gases  or  dust,  or  to  flyings 
of  combustible  material. 

e.  Must  be  protected  when  passing 
through  floors,  walls,  partitions,  timbers, 
etc.,  by  waterproof,  non-combustible,  in- 
sulating tubes,  such  as  glass  or  porcelain. 
22.  INTERIOR  CONDUITS*: — (See  •  Defini- 
tions). 

a.  Must  be  continuous  from  one  junc- 
tion box  to  another,  or  to  fixtures,  and 
must  be  of  material  that  will  resist  the 
fusion  of  the  wire  or  wires  they  contain 
without  igniting  the  conduit. 

b.  Must  not  be  of  such  material  or 
construction  that  the  insulation  of  the 
conductor  will  ultimately  be  injured  or 
destroyed  by  the  elements  of  the  com- 
position. 


*  The  object  of  a  tube  or  conduit  is  to  facilitate 
the  insertion  or  extraction  of  the  conductors  to  pro- 
tect them  from  mechanical  injury,  and,  as  far  as 
possible,  from  moisture.  Tubes  or  conduits  are  to 
be  considered  merely  as  raceways,  and  are  not  to  be 
relied  on  for  insulation  betweeu  wire  and  wire,  or 
between  the  wire  and  the  ground. 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  175 

c.  Must  be  fij:st  installed  as  a  com- 
plete conduit  system,  without  conductors, 
strings,  or  anything  for  the  purpose  of 
drawing  in  the  conductors,  and  the  con- 
ductors then  to  be  pushed  or  fished  in. 
The   conductors  must  not  be   placed  in 
position  until  all  mechanical  work  on  the 
building  has  been,  as  far    as    possible, 
completed. 

d.  Must  not  be  so  placed  as  to  to  be 
subject  to  mechanical   injury    by   saws, 
chisels,  or  nails. 

e.  Must  not  be  supplied  with  a  twin 
conductor,  or  two  separate  conductors,  in 
a  single  tube.  (See  page  198,  Rule  22). 

/.  Must  have  all  ends  closed  with  good 
adhesive  material,  either  at  junction  boxes 
or  elsewhere,  whether  such  ends  are  con- 
cealed or  exposed.  Joints  must  be  made 
air-tight  and  moisture  proof. 

g.  Conduits  must  extend  at  least  one 
inch  beyond  the  finished  surface  of  walls 
or  ceilings  until  the  mortar  or  other  simi- 
lar material  be  entirely  dry,  when  the 
projection  may  be  reduced  to  half  an  inch. 


176  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

23.    DOUBLE  POLE  SAFETY  CUT-OUTS:  — 

a.  Must  be  in  plain  sight  or  enclosed 
in  an  approved  box  readily    accessible. 
(See  Definitions). 

b.  Must    be    placed  at  every  point 
where  a  change  is  made  in  the  size  of  the 
wire  (unless  the  cut-out  in  the  larger  wire 
will  protect  the  smaller). 

c.  Must  be   supported  on  bases  of 
non-combustible,     insulating,    moisture- 
proof  material. 

d.  Must  be  supplied  with  a  plug  (or 
other  device  for  enclosing  the  fusible  strip 
or  wire)    made  of  non- combustible  and 
moisture-proof    material,    and    so    con- 
structed that  an  arc  cannot  be  maintained 
across  its  terminals  by  the  fusing  of  the 
metal. 

e.  Must  be  so  placed  that  on  any  com- 
bination fixture  no  group  of  lamps  requir- 
ing a  current  of  six  amperes  or  more  shall 
be  ultimately  dependent  upon  one  cut- out. 
Special  permission  may  be  given  in  writ- 
ing  by  the  Inspector  for  departure  from 
this  rule  in  case  of  large  chandeliers. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  177 

/.  All  cut-out  Blocks  must  be  stamped 
with  their  maximum  safe- carrying  capac- 
ity in  amperes. 
24.  SAFETY  FUSES: — 

a.  Must  all  be  stamped  or  otherwise 
marked  with  the  number  of  amperes  they 
will  carry  indefinitely  without  melting. 

b.  Must  have  fusible  wires  or  strips 
(where  the  plug  or  equivalent  device  is 
not  used),  with  contact  surfaces  or  tips  of 
harder  metal,  soldered  or  otherwise,  hav- 
ing perfect  electrical  connection  with  the 
fusible  part  of  the  strip. 

c.  Must  all  be  so  proportioned  to  the 
conductors  they  are  intended  to  protect 
that  they  will  melt  before  the  maximum 
safe-carrying  capacity  of  the  wire  is  ex- 
ceeded. 

25.  TABLE  OF  CAPACITY  OF  WIRES: — 

It  must  be  clearly  understood  that  the 
size  of  the  fuse  depends  upon  the  size 
of  the  smallest  conductor  it  protects,  and 
not  upon  the  amount  of  current  to  be 
used  on  the  circuit.  Below  is  a  table 
showing  the  safe -carry  ing  capacity  of 


178  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

conductors  of  different  sizes  in  Brown  & 
Sharpe  gauge,  which  must  be  fol- 
lowed in  the  placing  of  interior  conduct- 
ors: 

TABLE  A.  TABLE  B. 

Concealed  Work.  Open  Work. 

B.  &  S.  Amperes.  Amperes. 


0000 
000 
00 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
8 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 


218  .  .  .  , 

,  ...  312 

181  .  .  .  , 

,  ...  262 

150  ... 

.  ...  220 

125  ... 

.  .  .  .  185 

105  ... 

,  ...  156 

88  ... 

.  .  .  .  131 

75  ... 

.  ...  no 

63  ... 

.  .  .  .   92 

53  ... 

.  .  .  .   77 

45  ... 

.  .  .  .   65 

33  ... 

.  .  .  .   46 

25  ... 

.  .  .  .   32 

17  ... 

.  .  .  .   23 

12  ... 

.  .  .  .   16 

6  ... 

.  .  .  .    8 

3  ... 

.  .    5 

NOTE. — By  "open  work",  is  meant 
construction  which  admits  of  all  parts  of 
the  surface  of  the  insulating  covering  of  the 
wire  being  surrounded  by  free  air.  The 
carrying  capacity  of  16  and  18  wire  is 
given,  but  no  wire  smaller  than  14  is  to  be 
used  except  as  allowed  under  Rules  18  (a) 
and  27  (d). 
26.  SWITCHES: — 

a.  Must   be  mounted    on    moisture- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  179 

proof  and  non- combustible  bases,  such  as 
slate  or  porcelain. 

b.  Must  be  double   pole    when  the 
circuits  which  they  control  supply  more 
than  six  16-candle-power  lamps,  or  their 
equivalent. 

c.  Must  have  a  firm  and  secure  con- 
tact; must  make  and  break  readily,  and 
not  stop  when  motion  has  once  been  im- 
parted by  the  handle. 

d.  Must  have  carrying  capacity  suffi- 
cient to  prevent  heating. 

e.  Must  be   placed   in  dry,    access- 
ible places,  and  be  grouped    as  far  as 
possible,    being    mounted — when   prac- 
ticable— upon     slate    or     equally    non- 
combustible      backboards.        Jackknife 
switches,  whether  provided  with  friction 
or  spring  stops,  must  be  so  placed  that 
gravity  will  tend  to  open  rather  than  close 
the  switch. 

FIXTURE  WORK. 

27.  a.  In  all  cases  where  conductors  are 
concealed  within  or  attached  to  gas  fixt- 
ures, the  latter  must  be  insulated  from 


180  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

the  gas-pipe  system  of  the  building  by 
means  of  approved  joints.  The  insulating 
material  used  in  such  joints  must  be  of  a 
substance  not  affected  by  gas,  and  that 
will  not  shrink  or  crack  by  variation  in 
temperature.  Insulating  joints,  with  soft 
rubber  in  their  construction,  will  not  be 
approved.  (See  Definitions). 

b.  Supply  conductors,  and  especially 
the  splices  to  fixture  wires,  must  be  kept 
clear  of  the  grounded  part  of  gas  pipes, 
and  where  shells  are  used  the  latter  must 
be    constructed    in    a   manner   affording 
sufficient  area  to  allow  this  requirement. 

c.  When  fixtures  are  wired  outside, 
the  conductors  must  be  so  secured  as  not 
to  be  cut  or  abraded  by  the  pressure  of 
the  fastenings    or    motion    of    the    fix- 
ture. 

d.  All  conductors  for   fixture  work 
must  have  a  waterproof  insulation  that  is 
durable  and  not  easily  abraded,  and  must 
not  in  any  case  be  smaller  than  No.  18  B. 
&  S.,  No.  20  B.  W.  G.,  No.  2  E.  S.  G. 

e.  All  burrs  or  fins  must  be  removed 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  181 

before  the  conductors  are  drawn  into  a 
fixture. 

/.  The  tendency  to  condensation 
within  the  pipes  should  be  guarded 
against  by  sealing  the  upper  end  of  the 
fixture. 

g.  No  combination  fixture  in  which 
the  conductors  are  concealed  in  a  space 
less  than  one-fourth  inch  between  the  in- 
side pipe  and  the  outside  casing,  will  be 
approved. 

h.  Each  fixture  must  be  tested  for 
"contacts"  between  conductors  and  fix- 
tures, for"  short  circuits,"  and  for  ground 
connections  before  the  fixture  is  connected 
to  its  supply  conductors. 

i.  Ceiling  blocks  of  fixtures  should  be 
made  of  insulating  material;  if  not,  the 
wires  in  passing  through  the  plate  must 
be  surrounded  with  hard  rubber  tubing. 
28.  ARC  LIGHTS  ON  Low  POTENTIAL  CIR- 
CUITS:— 

a.  Must  be  supplied  by  branch  con- 
ductors not  smaller  than  No.  12  B.  &  S. 
gauge. 


182  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

b.  Must   be    connected    with    main 
conductors    only    through    double   pole 
cut-outs. 

c.  Must  only  be  furnished  with  such 
resistances  or  regulators  as  are  enclosed 
in    non-combustible    material,    such  re- 
sistances being  treated  as  stoves. 

Incandescent  lamps  must  not  be  used 
for  resistance  devices. 

d.  Must  be  supplied  with  globes  and 
protected  as  in  the  case  of  arc  lights  on 
high  potential  circuits. 

29.  ELECTKIC  GAS  LIGHTING: — 

Where  electric  gas  lighting  is  to  be 
used  on  the  same  fixture  with  the  electric 
light- 

a.  No  part  of  the  gas  piping  or  fix- 
ture shall  be  in  electrical  connection  with 
the  gas  lighting  circuit. 

b.  The  wires  used  with  the  fixtures 
must  have  a  non-inflammable  insulation, 
or,  where  concealed  between  the  pipe 
and  shell  of  the  fixture,   the  insulation 
must  be  such  as  required  for  fixture  wir- 
ing for  the  electric  light. 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS..  183 

c.  The  whole*  installation  must  test 
free  from  "  grounds." 

d.  The  two  installations  must    test 
perfectly  free  from  connection  with  each 
other. 

30.  SOCKETS: — 

a.  No  portion  of  the    lamp    socket 
exposed    to    contact    with    outside    ob- 
jects   must  be     allowed    to   come    into 
electrical    contact    with    either    of    the 
conductors. 

b.  In  rooms  where  inflammable  gases 
may  exist,  or  where  the  atmosphere  is 
damp,  the  incandescent  lamp  and  socket 
should   be    enclosed    in    a    vapor-tight 
globe. 

31.  FLEXIBLE  CORD:— 

a.  Must  be  made  of  conductors,  each 
surrounded  with  a  moisture-proof  and  a 
non-inflammable  layer,   and  further  in- 
sulated from  each  other  by  a  mechanical 
separator  of  carbonized  material.    Each 
of  these  conductors  must  be  composed  of 
several  strands. 

b.  Must  not  sustain  more  than  one 


184 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS. 

light  not  exceeding  50  candle-power. 

c.  Must    not    be    used    except    for 
pendants,  wiring  of  fixtures,  and  portable 
lamps  or  motors. 

d.  Must  not  be  used  in  show  windows. 

e.  Must  be   protected  by  insulating 
bushings    where   the    cord     enters    the 
socket.    The  ends  of  the  cord  must  be 
taped,  to  prevent  fraying  of  the  covering. 

/.  Must  be  so  suspended  that  the  en- 
tire weight  of  the  socket  and  lamp  will  be 
borne  by  knots  under  the  bushing  in  the 
socket,  and  above  the  point  where  the 
cord  comes  through  the  ceiling  block 
or  rosette,  in  order  that  the  strain  may 
be  taken  from  the  joints  and  binding 
screws. 

g.  Must  be  equipped  with  keyless 
sockets  as  far  as  practicable,  and  be  con- 
trolled by  wall  switches. 
RULE  32.  DECORATIVE  SERIES  LAMPS. 
Incandescent  lamps  run  in  series  cir- 
cuits shall  not  be  used  for  decorative 
purposes  inside  of  buildings. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING   SPECIFICATIONS.  185 


Class  D. 

ALTERNATING  SYSTEMS.  —  CONVERTERS  OB 
TRANSFORMERS. 

33.  CONVERTERS:— 

a.  Must  not  be  placed  inside  of  any 
building,  except  the  Central  Station,  un- 
less by  special  permission  of  the  Under- 
writers having  jurisdiction. 

b.  Must  not  be  placed  in  any  bat  me- 
tallic or  other  non- combustible  cases. 

c.  Must  not  be  attached  to  the  outside 
walls  of  buildings,  unless  separated  there- 
from by  substantial  insulating  supports. 

IN  THOSE  CASES  WHERE  IT  MAY   NOT   BE    POS- 
SIBLE TO   EXCLUDE  THE   CONVERTERS   AND 

PRIMARY  WIRES  ENTIRELY  FROM  THE 
BUILDING,  THE  FOLLOWING  PRECAUTIONS 
MUST  BE  STRICTLY  OBSERVED:— 

34.  Converters  must  be  located  at  a  point 
as  near  as  possible  to  that  at  which  the 
primary  wires   enter  the    building,    and 
must  be  placed  in  a  room  or  vault  con- 
structed of,  or  lined  with,  fire -resisting 
material,  and  used  only  for  the  purpose. 
They  must  be  effectually  insulated  from 


186  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

the  ground,  and  the  room  in  which  they 
are  placed  be  practically  air-tight,  except 
that  it  shall  be  thoroughly  ventilated  to 
the  out-door  air,  if  possible,  through  a 
chimney  or  flue. 
35.  PRIMARY  CONDUCTORS:— 

a.  Must  each  be  heavily  insulated  with 
a  coating  of  moisture-proof  material  from 
the  point  of  entrance  to  the  transformer, 
and,  in  addition,  must  be  so  covered  and 
protected  that  mechanical  injury  to  them, 
or  contact  with  them,  shall  be  practically 
impossible. 

b.  Must  each  be  furnished,  if  within  a 
building,  with  a  switch  and  a  fusible  cut- 
out where  the  wires  enter  the'  building, 
or  where  they  leave  the  main  line,  on  the 
pole  or  in  the  conduit.     These  switches 
should  be   enclosed  in  secure  and  fire- 
proof boxes,  preferably  outside  the  build- 
ing. 

c.  Must  be  kept  apart  at  least  ten 
inches,  and  at  the  same  distance  from  all 
other  conducting  bodies  when  inside   a 
building. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  187 

36.  SECOND ABY  CONDUCTORS: — 

Must  be  installed  according  to  the 
rules  for  "  Low  Potential  Systems." 

Class  E. 

ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS. 

37.  All    rules   pertaining    to    arc-light 
wires  and  stations  shall  apply  (so  far  as 
possible)  to  street  railway  power  stations 
and  their  conductors  in  connection  with 
them. 

38.  POWER  STATIONS:— 

Must  be  equipped  in  each  circuit  as 
it  leaves  the  station  with  an  approved 
automatic  "  breaker,"  or  other  device 
that  will  immediately  cut  off  the  current 
in  case  the  trolley  wires  become  grounded. 
This  device  must  be  mounted  on  a  fire- 
proof base  and  in  full  view  and  reach  of 
the  attendant.  (See  Definitions). 

39.  TROLLEY  WIRES:— 

a.  Must  be  no  smaller  than  No.  0 
B.  &  S.  copper,  or  No.  4  B.  &  S.  silicon 
bronze,  and  must  readily  stand  the  strain 
put  upon  them  when  in  use. 


188  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

b.  Must  be  well  insulated  from  their 
supports,  and  in  case  of  the  side  or  double 
pole  construction,  the  supports  shall  also 
be  insulated  from  the  poles  immediately 
outside  of  the  trolley  wire. 

c.  Must  be  capable  of  being  discon- 
nected at  the  power  house,  or  of  being  di- 
vided into  sections,  so  that  in  case  of  fire 
on  the  railway  route  the  current  may  be 
shut  off  from  the  particular  section,  and 
not  interfere  with  the  work  of  the  fire- 
men.    This  rule  also  applies  to  feeders. 

d.  Must  be  safely  protected  against 
contact  with  all  other  conductors. 

40.  CAR  WIRING:— 

Must  be  always  run  out,  of  reach 
of  the  passengers,  and  must  be  insulated 
with  a  waterproof  insulation. 

41.  LIGHTING  AND  POWER  FROM  RAILWAY 
WIRES: — 

Must  not  be  permitted,  under  any 
pretense,  in  the  same  circuit  with  trolley 
wires  with  a  ground  return,  nor  shall  theT 
same  dynamo  be  used  for  both  purposes, 
except  in  street  railway  cars,  electric  car 
houses,  and  their  power  stations. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  189 

42.  CAR  HOUSES: — « 

Must  have  special  cut-outs  located  at 
a  proper  distance  outside,  so  that  all  cir- 
cuits within  any  car  house  can  be  cut  out 
at  one  point. 

43.  GROUND  RETURN  WIRES:— 

Where  ground  return  is  used  it  must 
be  so  arranged  that  no  difference  of  poten- 
tial will  exist  greater  than  5  volts  to  50 
feet,  or  50  volts  to  the  mile  between  any 
two  points  in  the  earth  or  pipes  therein. 

Class  F. 

44.  STORAGE  OR  PRIMARY  BATTERIES: — 

a.  When  current  for  light  and  power  is 
taken  from  primary  or  secondary  batteries, 
the  same  general  regulations  must  be  ob- 
served as  apply  to  similar  apparatus  fed 
from  dynamo  generators  developing  the 
same  difference  of  potential. 

6.  All  secondary  batteries  must  be 
mounted  on  approved  insulators. 

c.  Special  attention  is  directed  to  the 
rules  (page  173)  for  rooms  where  acid 
fames  exist. 


190  ELEGTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

d.  The  use  of  any  metal  liable  to  cor- 
rosion must  be  avoided  in  connections  of 
secondary  batteries. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

45.  a.  The  wiring  in  any  building  must 
test  free  from  grounds;  i.  e.,  each  main 
supply  line  and  every  branch  circuit  shall 
have  an  insulation  resistance  of  at  least 
25,000  ohms,  and  should  have  an  insula- 
tion resistance  between  conductors  and 
between  all  conductors  and  the  ground 
(not  including  attachments,  sockets,  re- 
ceptacles, etc.),  of  not  less  than  the  fol- 
lowing:— 

Up  to  10  amperes 4,000,000 

25         V.  1,600,000 

50  "     800.000 

100  "     300,000 

200  "     160,000 

400  "     80,000 

800  " 22,000 

1600         .• 11,000 

All  cut-outs  and  safety  devices  in 
place  in  the  above. 

Where  lamp  sockets,  receptacles  and 
electroliers,  etc.,  are  connected,  one-half 
of  the  above  will  be  required. 


191 


b.  Ground  wires  for  lightning  arrest- 
ers of  all  classes,  and  ground  detectors, 
must  not  be  attached  to  gas  pipes  within 
the  building. 

c.  Where    telephone,    telegraph,    or 
other  wires  connected  with  outside  circuits 
are  bunched  together  within  any  build- 
ing, or  where  inside  wires  are  laid  in  con- 
duit or  duct  with  electric  light  or  power 
wires,  the  covering  of  such  wires  must 
be  fire -resisting,  or  else  the  wires  must 
be    enclosed    in    an    air-tight   tube    or 
duct. 

d.  All  conductors    connecting  with 
telephone,    district   messenger,    burglar 
alarm,  watch  clock,  electric  time,  and  oth- 
er similar  instruments,  must  be  provided 
near  the  point  of  entrance  to  the  building 
with  some  protective  device  which  will 
operate  to  shunt  the  instruments  in  case 
of  a  dangerous  rise  of  potential,  and  will 
open  the  circuit  and  arrest  an  abnormal 
current  flow.     Any  conductor  normally 
forming  an  innocuous  circuit  may  become 
a  source  of  fire  hazard  if  crossed  with 


192  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

another  conductor,  through  which  it  may 
become  charged  with  a  relatively  high 
pressure.  (See  Definitions). 

e.  The  following  formula  for  soldering 
fluid  is  suggested: — 

Saturated  solution  of  ziac 5  parts 

Alcohol 4  parts 

Glycerine 1  part 


DEFINITIONS. 

Definitions  of  the  word  APPROVED  as  used 
in  these  Rules,  and  notice  of  the  approval 
of  certain  wires  and  materials,  and  Ihe 
interpretation  of  certain  rules. 

RULE  2.     CARE  AND  ATTENDANCE:— 

Approved  waste  cans  shall  be  made  of 
metal,  with  legs  raising  can  three  inches 
from    the   floor     and    with    self-closing 
covers. 
RULE  4.     SWITCHBOARDS: — 

Section  a.  Special  attention  is  called 
to  the  fact  that  switchboards  should  not 
be  built  down  to  the  floor,  nor  up  to 
the  ceiling,  but  a  space  of  at  least  eigh- 
teen inches,  or  two  feet,  should  be  left 
between  the  floor  and  the  board,  and  be- 


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  193 

tween  the  ceiling<and  the  board,  in  order 
to  prevent  fire  from  communicating  from 
the  switchboard  to  the  floor  or  ceiling, 
and  also  to  prevent  the  forming  of  a 
partially  concealed  space  very  liable 
to  be  used  for  storage  of  rubbish  and 
oily  waste. 
RULE  5.  RESISTANCE  BOXES: — 

Section  a.  The  word  "  frame  "  in  this 
section  relates  to  the   entire   case    and 
surrounding  of   the    rheostat,    and  not 
alone  to  the  upholding  supports. 
RULE  8.    MOTORS:— 

Section  c.    From  the  nature  of  the 
question,  the  decision  as  to  what  is  an 
approved  case  must  be  left  to  the  Inspect- 
or to  determine  in  each  instance. 
RULE  9.    RESISTANCE  BOXES:— 

Section  a.  The  word  "  frame  "  in  this 
section  relates  to  the  entire  case  and  sur- 
rounding of  the  rheostat,  and  not  alone  to 
the  upholding  supports. 
RULE  10.    OUTSIOE  CoNDaorous:— 

Section  a.   Insulation  that  will  be  ap- 
proved for  service  wires  mast  be  solid,  at 


194  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

least  3-64ths  of  an  inch  in  thickness, 
and  covered  with  a  substantial  braid.  It 
must  not  readily  carry  fire,  must  show  an 
insulating  resistance  of  one  megohm  per 
mile  after  two  weeks'  submersion  in  water 
at  70  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  three  days' 
submersion  in  lime  water,  with  a  current 
of  550  volts  and  after  three  minutes'  elec- 
trification. (See  List  of  Wires,  page  202). 

Section  /.  All  joints  must  be  soldered, 
even  if  made  with  the  Mclntyre  or  any 
other  patent  splicing  device.  This  ruling 
applies  to  joints  and  splices  in  all  classes 
of  wiring  covered  by  these  Rules. 
RULE  12.  INTERIOR  CONDUCTORS: — 

Section  d.  Insulation  that  will  be  ap- 
proved for  interior  conductors  must  be  sol- 
id, at  least  3-64th  of  an  inch  in  thickness, 
and  covered  with  a  substantial  braid.  It 
must  not  readily  carry  fire,  must  show  an 
insulating  resistance  of  one  megohm  per 
mile  after  two  weeks'  submersion  in  water 
at  70  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  three  days' 
submersion  in  lime  water,  with  a  current 
of  550  volts  and  after  three  minutes'  elec- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  195 

trification.    (See  List  of  Wires,  page  202). 
RULE  13.    ARC  LAMPS: — 

Section  c.  The  hand  switch  to  be 
approved,  if  placed  anywhere  except 
on  the  lamp  itself,  must  comply  with 
requirements  for  switches  on  hanger 
boards  as  laid  down  in  Section  (g)  of 
Rule  13. 

Section  /.  An  approved  spark  arrester 
is  one  which  will  so  close  the  upper  orifice 
of  the  globe  that  it  will  be  impossible  for 
any  sparks  thrown  off  by  the  carbons  to 
escape. 

RULE  15.    OUTSIDE  OVERHEAD  CONDUCT- 
ORS:— 

Section  b.  An  approved  fusible  cut-out 
must  comply  with  the  sections  of  Rules 
23  and  24  describing  fuses  and  cut-outs. 
The  cut-out  required  by  this  section 
must  be  placed  so  as  to  protect  the 
switch  required  by  Rule  17. 
RULE  16.  UNDERGROUND  CONDUCTORS: — 

Section  b.  The  cut-out  required  by 
this  section  must  be  placed  so  as  to  pro- 
tect the  switch. 


196  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

RULE  17:— 

The  switch  required  by  this  rule  to  be 
approved  mast  be  double  pole,  must  plain- 
ly indicate  whether  the  current  is  "on" 
or  "  off,"  and  must  comply  with  Sections 
a,   cf  d  and    e  of  Rule  26    relating    to 
switches. 
RULE  18.     CONDUCTORS: — 

Section  a.  In  so-called  "concealed" 
wiring,  molding,  and  conduit  work,  and 
in  places  liable  to  be  exposed  to  damp- 
ness, the  insulating  covering  of  the  wire, 
to  be  approved,  must  be  solid,  at  least 
3 -64th  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  cov- 
ered with  a  substantial  braid.  It  must  not 
readily  carry  fire,  must  show  an  insulat- 
ing resistance  of  one  megohm  per  mile 
after  two  weeks'  submersion  in  water  at 
70  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  three  days' 
submersion  in  lime  water,  with  a  current 
of  550  volts  and  after  three  minutes'  elec- 
trification. (See  List  of  Wires,  page  202). 
For  work  which  is  entirely  exposed  to 
view  throughout  the  whole  interior  cir- 
cuits, and  not  liable  to  be  exposed  to 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  197 

dampness,  a  wire  with  an  insulating 
covering  that  will  not  support  combus- 
tion, will  resist  abrasion,  is  at  least  l-16th 
of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  thoroughly 
impregnated  with  a  moisture  repellent, 
will  be  approved. 

Section  b.  Second  paragraph.  Ex- 
cept for  floors,  and  for  places  liable  to  be 
exposed  to  dampness,  Glass,  Porcelain, 
metal- sheathed  Interior  Conduit,  and  Vulca 
Tube,  when  made  especially  for  bushings, 
will  be  approved. 

The  last  two  named  will  not  be  approved 
if  cut  from  tlie  usual  lengths  of  tube  made 
for  conduit  work,  nor  when  made  without  a 
head  or  flange  on  one  end. 

Section  /.  All  joints  must  be  sol- 
dered, even  if  made  with  the  Mclntyre 
or  other  patent  splicing  device.  This 
ruling  applies  to  joints  and  splices  in  all 
classes  of  wiring  covered  by  these  rules. 
RULE  21.  SPECIAL  WIRING: — 

Section  b.  The  insulating  covering  of 
the  wire  to  be  approved  under  this  section 
must  be  solid,  at  least  3 -64th  of  an  inch  in 


198  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

thickness,  and  covered  with  a  substantial 
braid.  It  must  not  readily  carry  fire, 
must  show  an  insulating  resistance  of  one 
megohm  per  mile  after  two  weeks'  sub- 
mersion in  water  at  70  degrees  Fahren- 
heit, and  three  days'  submersion  in  lime 
water  with  a  current  of  550  volts  after 
three  minutes'  electrification,  and  must 
also  withstand  a  satisfactory  test  against 
such  chemical  compounds  or  mixtures  as 
it  will  be  liable  to  be  subjected  to  in  the 
risk  under  consideration. 
RULE  22.  INTERIOR  CONDUITS: — 

The  American  Circular  Loom  Co. 
Tube,  the  brass- sheathed  and  the  iron- ar- 
mored tubes  made  by  the  Interior  Conduit 
and  Insulation  Company,  and  the  Vulca 
Tube  are  approved  for  the  class  of  work 
called  for  in  this  rule. 

NOTE. — The  use  of  two  Standard  wires 
(see  page  202),  either  separate  or  twin  con- 
ductor, in  a  straight  conduit  installation 
is  approved  in  the  iron- armored  conduit 
of  the  Interior  Conduit  and  Insulation 
Co.,  but  not  in  any  of  the  other  approved 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  199 

conduits.    (See  page  175,  Rule  22,  e.) 
RULE  23.  DOUBLE  POLE  SAFETY  CUT-OUTS: — 

Section  a.  To  be  approved,  boxes  must 
be  constructed,  and  cut-outs  arranged, 
whether  in  a  box  or  not,  so  as  to  obviate 
any  danger  of  the  melted  fuse  metal  com- 
ing in  contact  with  any  substance  which 
might  be  ignited  thereby. 
RULE  27.  FIXTURE  WORK: — 

Section  a.  Insulating  joints  to  be  ap- 
proved must  be  entirely  made  of  material 
that  will  resist  the  action  of  illuminat- 
ing gases,  and  will  not  give  way  or  soften 
under  the  heat  of  an  ordinary  gas  flame. 
They  shall  be  so  arranged  that  a  deposit 
of  moisture  will  not  destroy  the  insulating 
effect,  and  shall  have  an  insulating  re- 
sistance of  250,000  ohms  between  the 
gas  pipe  attachments,  and  be  sufficiently 
strong  to  resist  the  strain  they  will  be 
liable  to  in  attachment. 
RULE  38.  POWER  STATIONS: — 

Section  a.  Automatic  circuit- break- 
ers should  be  submitted  for  approval 
before  being  used. 


200 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

RULE    44.     STORAGE    OR   PRIMARY    BAT- 
TERIES:— 

Section  b.  Insulators  for  mounting 
secondary  batteries  to  be  approved  must 
be  non -combustible,  such  as  glass,  or 
thoroughly  vitrified  and  glazed  porcelain. 
RULE  45.  WIRE  PROTECTORS  :— 

Protectors  must  have  a  non- combus- 
tible, insulating  base,  and  the  cover  to 
be  provided  with  a  lock  similar  to  the  lock 
now  placed  on  telephone  apparatus  or 
some  equally  secure  fastening,  and  to  be 
installed  under  the  following  require- 
ments:— 

1.  The  Protector  to  be  located  at  the 
point  where  the  wires  enter  the*  building, 
either  immediately  inside  or  outside  of 
the  same.     If  outside,  the  Protector  to  be 
inclosed  in  a  metallic  waterproof  case. 

2.  If  the  Protector  is  placed  inside  of 
building,  the  wires  of  the  circuit  from  the 
support  outside  to  the  binding  posts  of 
the  Protector  to  be  of  such  insulation  as 
is  approved  for  service  wires  of  electric 
light   and  power,  and  the  holes  through 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  201 

the  outer  wall  to *be  protected  by  bushing 
the  same  as  required  for  electric  light 
and  power  service  wires. 

3.  The  wire  from  the  point  of  en- 
trance   to   the  Protector   to    be  run    in 
accordance  with  rules  for  high  potential 
wires;  i.  e.,  free  of  contact  with  building, 
and  supported  on  non-combustible  insu- 
lators. 

4.  The  ground  wire  shall  be  insu- 
lated, not  smaller  than  No.  16  B.  &  S. 
gauge.    This  ground  wire  shall  be  kept  at 
least  three  (3)  inches  from  all  conductors, 
and  shall  never  be  secured  by  uninsu- 
lated double -pointed  tacks. 

5.  The  ground  wire  shall  be  attached 
to  a  water  pipe  if  possible;  otherwise  may 
be  attached  to  a  gas  pipe.     The  ground 
wire  shall  be  carried  to  and  attached  to 
the  pipe  outside  of  the  first  joint  or  coup- 
ling inside  the  foundation  walls,  and  the 
connection  shall  be  made  by  soldering,  if 
possible.     In  the  absence  of  other  good 
ground,  the  ground  shall  be  made    by 
means  of  a  metallic  plate  or  a  bunch  of 


202  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

wires  buried  in  a  permanently  moist  earth. 
MATERIALS: — 
The  following  are  given  as  a  list  of 

NON-  COMBUSTIBLE,  NON- ABSORPTIVE,  INSU- 
LATING materials,  and  are  listed  here  for 
the  benefit  of  those  who  might  consider 
hard  rubber,  fibre,  wood,  and  the  like 
as  fulfilling  the  above  requirements. 
Any  other  substance,  which  it  is  claimed 
should  be  accepted,  must  be  forwardedfor 
testing  before  being  put  on  the  market  :— 

1.  Thoroughly   vitrified    and    glazed 
Porcelain. 

2.  Glass. 

3.  Slate  without  metal  veins. 

4.  Pure  Sheet  Mica. 

5.  Marble  (filled). 

6.  Lava  (certain  kinds  of). 

7.  Alberene  Stone. 
WIRES:— 

The  following  list  of  wires  have  been 
tested,  and  found  to  comply  with  the  re- 
quirements for  an  approved  insulation  un- 
der Rule  10  (a),  Rule  12  (d)9  and  Rule  18  (a): 

Acme. 


ELECTBIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  203 

Ajax. 

Americanite. 

Bishop. 

Canvasite. 

Clark. 

Columbia. 

Crescent. 

Crown. 

Edison  Machine. 

Globe. 

Grimshaw  (white  core). 

Habirshaw  (red  core.) 

Kerite. 

National  India  Rubber  Co.  (N.  I.  R.). 

Okonite. 

Paranite. 

Raven  Core. 

,       -,  \  Requa  white  core  I 
Safety  Insulated  j  Safety  black  core  j 

Salamander  (rubber  covered). 

Simplex  (caoutchouc). 

U.  S.  (General  Elec.  Co.) 
None  of  the  above  wires  to  be  used  un- 
less protected  with  a  substantial  braided 
outer  covering. 


204  ELECTEIC    LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS. 


THE  UNIFORM  CONTRACT. 

FOKM  OF  CONTRACT  ADOPTED  AND  RECOM- 
MENDED FOE  GENEEAL  USE 

BY    THE 
AMERICAN     INSTITUTE     OF     ARCHITECTS 

AND    THE 
NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION     OF     BUILDERS. 

THIS  AGREEMENT,  made  the 

day  of in  the  year  one  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  ninety by 

and  between , 

party  of  the  first  part  (hereinafter  desig- 
nated the  Contractor),  and 

party  of  the  second  part  (hereinafter 
designated  the  Owner), 

WITNESSETH  that  the  Contractor,  in 
consideration  of  the  fulfillment  of  the 
agreements  herein  made  by  the  Owner, 
agrees  with  the  said  Owner,  as  follows: 

AETICLE  i.    The  Contractor  under  the 


ELECTKIC   LIGHTING    SPECIFICATIONS.  205 

direction  and  to  tbe  satisfaction  of 

Architects,  acting  for 

the  purposes  of  this  contract  as  agents  of 
the  said  Owner,  shall  and  will  provide  all 
the  materials  and  perform  all  the  work 
mentioned  in  the  specifications  and  shown 
on  the  drawings  prepared  by  the  said 

Architects  for  the 

which  drawings  and  specifications  are 
identified  by  the  signatures  of  the  parties 
hereto. 

ART.  ii.  The  Architects  shall  furnish 
to  the  Contractor  such  further  drawings 
or  explanations  as  may  be  necessary  to 
detail  and  illustrate  the  work  to  be  done, 
and  the  Contractor  shall  conform  to  the 
same  as  part  of  this  contract  so  far  as 
they  may  be  consistent  with  the  original 
drawings  and  specifications  referred  to 
and  identified,  as  provided  in  Art.  i. 

It  is  mutually  understood  and  agreed 
that  all  drawings  and  specifications  are 
and  remain  the  property  of  the  Architects. 

ART.  in.  No  alterations  shall  be  made 
in  the  work  shown  or  described  by  the 


206 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

drawings  and  specifications,  except  upon 
a  written  order  of  the  Architects,  and 
when  so  made,  the  value  of  the  work 
added  or  omitted  shall  be  computed  by 
the  Architects,  and  the  amount  so  ascer- 
tained shall  be  added  to  or  deducted  from 
the  contract  price.  In  the  case  of  dissent 
from  such  award  by  either  party  hereto, 
the  valuation  of  the  work  added  or 
omitted  shall  be  referred  to  three  (3)  dis- 
interested Arbitrators,  one  to  be. appoint- 
ed by  each  of  the  parties  to  this  contract, 
and  the  third  by  the  two  thus  chosen; 
the  decision  of  any  two  of  whom  shall  be 
final  and  binding,  and  each  of  the  parties 
hereto  shall  pay  one-half  of  the  expenses 
of  such  reference. 

ART.  iv.  The  Contractor  shall  provide 
sufficient,  safe  and  proper  facilities  at  all 
times  for  the  inspection  of  the  work  by 
the  Architects  or  their  authorized  repre- 
sentatives. He  shall,  within  twenty-four 
hours  after  receiving  written  notice  from 
the  Architects  to  that  effect,  proceed  to 
remove  from  the  grounds  or  buildings  all 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  207 

materials  condemned  by  them,  whether 
worked  or  un worked,  and  to  take  down 
all  portions  of  the  work  which  the  Archi- 
tects shall  by  like  written  notice  condemn 
as  unsound  or  improper,  or  as  in  anyway 
failing  to  conform  to  the  drawings  and 
specifications. 

ART.  v.  Should  the  Contractor  at  any 
time  refuse  or  neglect  to  supply  a  suffi- 
ciency of  properly  skilled  workmen,  or  of 
materials  of  the  proper  quality,  or  fail  in 
any  respect  to  prosecute  the  work  with 
promptness  and  diligence,  or  fail  in  the 
performance  of  any  of  the  agreements 
herein  contained,  such  refusal,  neglect  or 
failure  being  certified  -by  the  Architects, 

the  Owner  shall  be  at  liberty,  after 

days'  written  notice  to  the  Contractor,  to 
provide  any  such  labor  or  materials,  and 
to  deduct  the  cost  thereof  from  any  money 
then  due  or  thereafter  to  become  due  to 
the  Contractor  under  this  contract;  and  if 
the  Architects  shall  certify  that  such  re- 
fusal, neglect  or  failure  is  sufficient  ground 
for  such  action,  the  Owner  shall  also  be 


208  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

at  liberty  to  terminate  the  employment 
of  the  Contractor  for  the  said  work  and  to 
enter  upon  the  premises  and  take  posses- 
sion, for  the  purpose  of  completing  the 
work  comprehended  under  this  contract, 
of  all   materials,    tools    and    appliances 
thereon,  and  to  employ  any  other  person 
or  persons  to  finish  the  work,  and  to  pro- 
vide the  materials  therefor;  and  in  case  of 
euch  discontinuance  of  the  employment 
of  the  Contractor  he  shall  not  be  entitled 
to  receive  any  further  payment  under  this 
contract  until  the  said    work    shall   be 
wholly  finished,  at  which  time,  if  the  un- 
paid balance  of  the  amount  to  be  paid 
under  this  contract  shall  exceed  the  ex- 
pense incurred  by  the  Owner  in  finishing 
the  work,  such  excess  shall  be  paid  by 
the  Owner  to  the  Contractor,  but  if  such 
expense  shall  exceed  such  unpaid  balance, 
the  Contractor  shall  pay  the  difference  to 
the  Owner,     The  expense  incurred  by  the 
Owner  as  herein  provided,  either  for  fur- 
nishing materials  or  for  finishing  the  work, 
and  any  damage  incurred  through  such. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

default,  shall  be  audited  and  certified  by 
the  Architects,  whose  certificate  thereof 
shall  be  conclusive  upon  the  parties. 

ART.  vi.  The  Contractor  shall  com- 
plete the  several  portions,  and  the  whole 
of  the  work  comprehended  in  this  agree- 
ment by  and  at  the  time  or  times  here- 
inafter stated 

provided  that 

ART.  vn.  Should  the  Contractor  be 
obstructed  or  delayed  in  the  prosecution 
or  completion  of  his  work  by  the  act, 
neglect,  delay  or  default  of  the  Owner,  or 
the  Architects,  or  of  any  other  contractor 
employed  by  the  Owner  upon  the  work, 
or  by  any  damage  which  may  happen  by 
fire,  lightning,  earthquake  or  cyclone,  or 
by  the  abandonment  of  the  work  by  the 
employes  through  no  default  of  the  Con- 
tractor, then  the  time  herein  fixed  for  the 
completion  of  the  work  shall  be  extended 
for  a  period  equivalent  to  the  time  lost 
by  reason  of  any  or  all  of  the  causes  afore- 
said; but  no  such  allowance  shall  be  made 
unless  a  claim  therefor  is  presented  in 


210  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

writing  to  the  Architects  within  twenty- 
four  hours  of  the  occurrence  of  such  de- 
lay. The  duration  of  such  extension  shall 
be  certified  to  by  the  Architects,  but  ap- 
peal from  their  decision  may  be  made  to 
arbitration,  as  provided  in  Art.  in  of  this 
contract. 

ART.  vni.  The  Owner  agrees  to  pro- 
vide all  labor  and  materials  not  included 
in  this  contract  in  such  manner  as  not  to 
delay  the  material  progress  of  the  work, 
and  in  the  event  of  failure  so  to  do,  there- 
by causing  loss  to  the  Contractor,  agrees 
that  he  will  reimburse  the  Contractor  for 
such  loss;  and  the  Contractor  agrees  that 
if  he  shall  delay  the  material  progress  of 
the  work  so  as  to  cause  any  damage  for 
which  the  Owner  shall  become  liable  (as 
above  stated),  then  he  shall  make  good  to 
the  Owner  any  such  damage.  The  amount 
of  such  loss  or  damage  to  either  party 
hereto  shall,  in  every  case,  be  fixed  and 
determined  by  the  Architects  or  by  ar- 
bitration, as  provided  in  Art.  in  of  this 
contract. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  211 

ART.  ix.  It  is  hereby  mutually  agreed 
between  the  parties  hereto  that  the  sum 
to  be  paid  by  the  Owner  to  the  Contract- 
or for  said  work  and  materials  shall  be 

$ ,  subject  to  additions  and 

deductions  as  hereinbefore  provided,  and 
that  such  sum  shall  be  paid  in  current 
funds  by  the  Owner  to  the  Contractor  in 
installments,  as  follows: 

The  final  payment  shall  be  made  within 

days  after  this  contract 

is  fulfilled. 

All  payments  shall  be  made  upon  writ- 
ten certificates  of  the  Architects  to  the 
effect  that  such  payments  have  become 
due. 

If  at  any  time  there  shall  be  evidence 
of  any  lien  or  claim  for  which,  if  estab- 
lished, the  Owner  or  the  said  premises 
might  become  liable,  and  which  is  charge- 
able to  the  Contractor,  the  Owner  shall 
have  the  right  to  retain  out  of  any  payment 
then  due  or  thereafter  to  become  due  an 
amount  sufficient  to  completely  indemnify 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

him  against  such  lien  or  claim.  Should 
there  prove  to  be  any  such  claim  after  all 
payments  are  made,  the  Contractor  shall 
refund  to  the  Owner  all  moneys  that  the 
latter  may  be  compelled  to  pay  in  dis- 
charging any  lien  on  said  premises  made 
obligatory  in  consequence  of  the  Con- 
tractor's default. 

ART.  x.  It  is  further  mutually  agreed 
between  the  parties  hereto  that  no  certifi- 
cate given  or  payment  made  under  this 
contract,  except  the  final  certificate  or 
final  payment,  shall  be  conclusive  evi- 
dence of  the  performance  of  this  contract, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  and  that  no  pay- 
ment shall  be  construed  to  be  an  accept- 
ance of  defective  work  or  improper  ma- 
terials. 

ART.  xi.  The  Owner  shall  during  the 
progress  of  the  work  maintain  full  insur- 
ance on  said  work,  in  his  own  name  and 
in  the  name  of  the  Contractor,  against 
loss  or  damage  by  fire.  The  policies 
shall  cover  all  work  incorporated  in  the 
building,  and  all  materials  for  the  same 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  213 

in  or  about  tha  premises,  and  shall  be 
made  payable  to  the  parties  hereto,  as 
their  interest  may  appear 

AKT.  xii.  The  said  parties  for  them- 
selves, their  heirs,  executors,  administra- 
tors and  assigns,  do  hereby  agree  to  the 
full  performance  of  the  covenants  herein 
contained. 

IN  WITNESS   WHEREOF,   the  parties  to 
these  presents  have    hereunto  set  their 
hands  and  seals,  the  day  and   year  first 
above  written. 
In  presence  of 


L.S. 


COPYRIGHTED    1893. 

[NOTE:  Persons  desiring  to  use  this  form  of  con- 
tract (printed  here  by  special  permission)  can  ob- 
tain printed  copies  from  the  publishers,  the  In- 
land Architect  Press,  19  Tribune  Building, 
Chicago,  who  will  furnish  prices  upon  application.] 


Elementary   Electro=Technical    Series. 

BY 

EDWIN  J.  HOUSTON,  PH.D., 

AND 

A.  E.  KENNELLY,  Sc.D» 

Alternating  Electric  Currents.  Electric  Incandescent  Lighting. 

Electric  Heating.  Electric  Motor. 

Electromagnetism.  Electric  Street  Railways. 

Electricity  in  Electro-Therapeutics.  Electric  Telephony. 

Electric  Arc  Lighting.  Electric  Telegraphy. 

Cloth.    Price  per  volume,  $1.00. 


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by  those  not  specially  trained  in  electro-technics.  The  general  public, 
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from  a  financial  or  other  indirect  connection,  as  well  as  electricians  desiring 
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sufficient  guarantee  for  the  accuracy  and  reliability  of  the  statements  con- 
tained. The  entire  issue,  though  published  in  a  series  of  ten  volumes,  is 
nevertheless  so  prepared  that  each  book  is  complete  in  itself  and  can  be 
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THIRD  EDITION.      GREA  TL  Y  ENLARGED. 

A  DICTIONARY  OF 

Electrical  Words,  Terms, 
and  Phrases. 

BY  EDWIN  J.   HOUSTON,  PH.D.   (Princeton), 

AUTHOR  OF 

Advanced  Primers  of  Electricity ;  Electricity   One  Hundred 
Years  Ago  and  To-day,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

Cloth.    667  large  octavo  pages,  582  Illustrations. 
Price,  $5.00. 

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mere  word-book  ;  the  words,  terms,  and  phrases  are  invariably  followed  by  a 
short,  concise  definition,  giving  the  sense  in  which  they  are  correctly  employed, 
and  a  general  statement  of  the  principles  of  electrical  science  on  which  the  defi- 
nition is  founded.  Each  of  the  great  classes  or  divisions  of  electrical  investiga- 
tion or  utilization  comes  under  careful  and  exhaustive  treatment  ;  and  while 
close  attention  is  given  to  the  more  settled  and  hackneyed  phraseology  of  the 
older  branches  of  work,  the  newer  words  and  the  novel  departments  they  belong 
to  are  not  less  thoroughly  handled.  Every  source  of  information  has  been  re- 
ferred to,  and  while  libraries  have  been  ransacked,  the  note-book  of  the  labora- 
tory and  the  catalogue  of  the  wareroom  have  not  been  forgotten  or  neglected. 
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book  has  been  brought  down  to  date  by  means  of  an  appendix,  in  which  are 
placed  the  very  newest  words,  as  well  as  many  whose  rareness  of  use  had  con- 
signed them  to  obscurity  and  oblivion.  As  one  feature,  an  elaborate  system  of 
cross-references  has  been  adopted,  so  that  it  is  as  easy  to  find  the  definitions  as 
the  words,  and  aliases  are  readily  detected  and  traced.  The  typography  is  ex- 
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a  glance  by  standing  out  in  sharp  relief  from  the  page. 

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Electrical   Power  Transmission. 

>  »By  LOUIS  BELL,  PH.D. 

Uniform  in  size  with  "  The  Electric  Railway  in  Theory 
and  Practice. "     Price,  $2.5O. 

The  plan  of  the  work  is  similar  to  that  of  "  The  Electric  Railway  in 
Theory  and  Practice,"  the  treatment  of  the  subject  being  non-mathematical 
and  not  involving  on  the  part  of  the  reader  a  knowledge  of  the  purely 
scientific  theories  relating  to  electrical  currents.  The  book  is  essentially 
practical  in  its  character,  and  while  primarily  an  engineering  treatise,  is 
also  intended  for  the  information  of  those  interested  in  electrical  trans- 
mission of  power,  financially  or  in  a  general  way.  The  author  has  a 
practical  acquaintance  with  the  problems  met  with  in  the  electrical  trans- 
mission of  energy  from  his  connection  with  many  of  the  most  important 
installations  yet  made  in  America,  and  in  these  pages  the  subject  is  devel- 
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actual  work.  The  first  two  chapters  review  the  fundamental  principles 
relating  to  the  generation  and  distribution  of  electrical  energy,  and  in  the 
three  succeeding  ones  their  methods  of  application  with  both  continuous 
and  alternating  currents  are  described.  The  sixth  chapter  gives  a  genera/ 
discussion  of  the  methods  of  transformation,  the  various  considerations 
applying  to  converters  and  rotary  transformers  being  developed  and  these 
apparatus  described.  In  the  chapter  on  prime  movers  various  forms  of 
water-wheels,  gas  and  steam  engines  are  discussed  with  respect  to  their 
applicability  to  the  purpose  in  view,  and  in  the  chapter  on  hydraulic 
development  the  limitations  that  decide  the  commercial  availability' of 
water  power  for  electrical  transmission  of  power  are  pointed  out  in  de- 
tail. The  five  succeeding  chapters  deal  with  practical  design  and  with 
construction  work — the  power-house,  line,  and  centres  of  distribution  being 
taken  up  in  turn.  The  chapter  on  the  latter  subject  will  be  found  of  par- 
ticular value,  as  it  treats  for  the  first  time  in  a  thorough  and  practical 
manner  one  of  the  most  difficult  points  in  electrical  transmission.  The 
chapter  on  commercial  data  contains  the  first  information  given  as  to  costs, 
and  will,  therefore,  be  much  appreciated  by  engineers  and  others  in  decid- 
ing as  to  the  commercial  practicability  of  proposed  transmission  projects. 
This  is  the  first  work  covering  the  entire  ground  of  the  electrical  trans- 
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The  Theory  and  Calculation  of 

Alternating-Current  Phenomena. 

BY 

CHARLES    PROTEUS    STEINMETZ. 
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This  is  the  first  work  yet  written  in  any  language  dealing  in  a  complete 
and  logical  manner  with  all  of  the  phenomena  of  alternating  currents  and 
their  calculation  in  the  design  of  alternating-current  machinery.  In  the  first 
six  chapters  the  various  primary  conceptions  and  methods  of  treatment  are 
developed,  the  use  of  complex  quantities  being  explained  in  a  remarkably  clear 
and  effective  manner.  The  various  alternating-current  phenomena  are  then 
taken  up  in  turn  and  the  more  complex  parts  of  the  subject  approached  so 
gradually  and  with  such  a  logical  preparation  that  but  little  if  any  difficulty  will 
be  met  in  their  understanding.  The  remaining  chapters  of  the  book,  forming 
half  of  its  contents,  are  devoted  to  the  methods  of  calculation  of  transformers, 
simple  alternating  and  polyphase  generators  and  motors,  all  of  the  various 
reactions  involved  being  thoroughly  analyzed  and  discussed.  The  work  con- 
tains the  very  latest  knowledge  relating  to  alternating-current  phenomena, 
much  of  which  is  original  with  the  author,  and  here  appears  for  the  first  time 
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in  which  it  promises  to  rank  as  a  classic. 

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Lessons  in  Electricity  and  Magnetism. 

BY 

*  Prof.  ERIC  GERARD, 

DIRECTOR   OF 

LInstitut  Electrotechnique  Monte fiore,  University  of  Liege,  Belgium. 

TRANSLATED   UNDER  THE   DIRECTION  OF 

LOUIS  DUNCAN,  PH.D., 

Johns  Hopkins  University. 

With  American  Additions  as  follows :  A  Chapter  on  the  Rotary  Field, 

by  Dr.  Louis  Duncan ;    A  Chapter  on  Hysteresis,  by  Charles 

Proteus   Steinmetz;    A   Chapter   on    Impedance,    by 

A.  E.  Kennelly ;    A  Chapter  on  Units,  by  Dr. 

Cary  T.  Hutchinson. 

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As  a  beautifully  clear  treatise  for  students  on  the  theory  of  electricity  and 
magnetism,  as  well  as  a  resume  for  engineers  of  electrical  theories  that  have  a 
practical  bearing,  the  work  of  Professor  Gerard  has  been  without  a  rival  in  any 
language.  As  a  text-book  of  reference  it  has  been  largely  used  in  American 
colleges,  the  logical  methods  of  the  author  and  his  faculty  of  lucid  expression 
and  illustration  simplifying  to  students  in  a  remarkable  manner  the  understand- 
ing of  the  various  subjects  treated.  The  scope  of  the  present  translation  has 
been  limited  to  those  parts  of  the  original  work  treating  of  theory  alone,  as  the 
practical  portions  would  not  have  the  same  value  for  American  students  as  for 
those  to  whom  the  book  was  originally  addressed.  In  order  to  make  it  a 
treatise  comprehensive  of  all  electrical  theory  having  a  bearing  on  practical 
work,  and  to  bring  the  subject-matter  up  to  date,  several  chapters  written  by 
American  authors  are  added.  As  will  be  s~en  above,  the  authors  of  these  chap- 
ters are  authorities  on  the  several  subjects  with  which  they  deal,  and  the  work 
as  thus  extended  forms  the  most  complete  treatise  yet  published  relating  par- 
ticularly to  electrical  theory  as  it  enters  into  the  domain  of  the  engineer. 

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